This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attribution The Google "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at |http : //books . google . com/
NVPl RESEARCH LlSHARtES
3 3433 01448596 9
by Google
d by Google
Digitized by Google
Digitized by Google
d by Google
/.
THE PUSIITO' MANUAL.
COMPRISING
A CONCISE GRAMMAR; EXERCISES AND
DIALOGUES; FAMILIAR PHRASES, PROVERBS, AND
VOCABULARY.
MAJOR h: g: RAVBRTY,
BOMBAY NATIVE INPANTBT (BXTIBSp).
AtTTHOS OP THE FUS'HTO OBAKMAK, DICTIONABT, SBUIOTIOVS PE08B
ASt) POETICAL, SELECTIONS PBOM THE POETBT OP THE APGHA'nS (ENOUSH
translation), fSOP* 8 FABLES, :30c*/ ETC?, ifTcJ^ **
ii
LONDON:
W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13 WATERLOO PLAOK
PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE. . '^x^^vX O,
1880. V/ - ^^
DigilizedtijOORle
I
LONDON:
PRINTED BY W. H. ALLBN AND CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE.
\ I
Digitized by Google
PREFACE.
We have now probably emerged for good from the Pesha-
war side of the !Qaibar, and its " Pukshtu," and left
" Pasto " and " Pakhhto *' in the rear for ever, and
entered the parts closely bordering the old seats of the
Puihtanah. The Pu.^hto therein spoken, as far west as
the boundary of the province of Hirat extends in that
direction, is very different from the "frontier dialects"
contaminated with Peshawar! provincialisms andPanjabi.
This little book has been prepared at the express desire
of the enterprising publishers, to meet the present
demand for manuals of the vernaculars of India. My
desire has been to make it useful, in the hope that it will
meet the wishes of those who desire speedily to gain some
acquaintance with the important language of Afghan-
istan.
I would impress the necessity of acquiring the correct
pronunciation of each letter from a true Afghan's lips.
H. G. E.
January let, 1880.
d by Google
Digitized by Google
PUSH TO MANUAL.
PART I.
GRAMMAR.
The Pu^to language is written in the Nas^ character
of the Arabic, to some of which letters diacritical marks
are added to express other sounds peculiar to Pu^hto.
The following is the alphabet, and an indication of the
sounds of the letters : —
Shape. Name. u^^^^. Description.
I alif a, a, i, u, As in English.
c^ bey b do.
4^ pey p do.
4ad tey t do.
<*> \ej % By reverting the point of the
tongue to the palate. Like
Sanskrit 7
y<^^ gey s As ^^ in thing, or lisped 8.
C ts^y- te or tg As ^ or fe.
g jim. i As jm judge.
g chey ch As in cJmrch.
Digitized by GoOgId
\
PUSHTO MANUAL.
Shape.
Name.
Trans-
Uteration.
Description.
c
tey
\
Strongly aspirated, as in double h.
c
ttey
U
Guttural, as ch in Scotch hch.
J
dal
d
As in dear.
^
4al
4
Harsh, as double dy or Sanskrit
'^
zal
z
As mzeal.
1
rey
r
As in run.
rey
T
As broad Northumbrian r.
>
zey
z
As in English.
t
dzey
dB<
3r dz k&daor dz would be in English.
5
jzey
jz
As « in pleasure, or soft French y.
^
jzey
JZ
By reverting the point of the
tongue on the palate. It is a
slight degree harsher than the
Persian)
sin
s
As in 86^86.
shin
sh
As in shell.
u?»
6hey
or
k'hin
^h
k'h
(W.)
or
(E)
Peculiar to Pushto. Pronounced
by bringing the tip of the
tongue to the roof of the
mouth. The Eastern Afghans
pronounce it Yh ; the Westerns
give it the softer sound of ^h.
o*"
fwad
9
As 88 in dissolve.
zwad
z
As in English.
L
toey
t
English t, with slight aspiration.
zoey
'ain
z
'a,
'i'u,
do. z do.
Guttural, changing with the
vowel point.
^
H^in
gh
Guttural.
d by Google
GRAMMAR.
Shape.
Kame.
Trans-
Uteratdon.
Descriptioii.
«_»
fey
f
As in English.
c3
kaf
k
Guttural.
^
kaf
k
Ab mhing.
>£i
gaf .
g
As in give*
J
lam
1
As English I.
r
mim
m
do.
o
nun
n
do.
<i>
mun
ra
Pronounced yun, a combination
of the sounds of Jl and ^^
Peculiar to Pu^hto and Sindhi.
^
wao
w,u,o,ow
. According to the vowel points.
&
hey
h
Slightly aspirated.
^?
JQJ
y, e,i,ai
>
aey, a'i
i
or ej
According to the vowel points.
»
hajnzah
—
As another form of alif.
There are ten Arabic letters which never occur in pure
Af^an words, to wit ^, O '^, ^, U^, ^, k, g, ^-i,
and a therefore the language really contains but thirty
letters, including the eight peculiar to itself, namely,
*** C (te), ^ Jt-? C (M, U^ and^ or ^
The Eastern Af^ans, or Lar Pu^htanah, often change
the ^ occurring in Persian words, used in Pu^hto, into ^
which they pronounce Vhin, and they also use the letter
i£ffor^*
* A Ghalzi MuUa, writing on the jargon spoken by
the tribes about Peshawar, gives the following specimen
of a pure Afghan sentence after it has undergone the
Pe^hawari transmutation. It is : " Plar mi kb^jz wuh :
d by Google
4 PUSHTO MANUAL.
In the same maainer the Western Afghans, or Bar Pu^h-
tanah, invariably give (^ the softer sound of ^hey, and
use ^ in the place of c2^. The Ghalzis and some other
tribes substitute g for ^ I and there are a few other minor
local peculiarities of pronunciation which appear difficult
at first, but a little practice makes these familiar to the
speaker.
THE VOWELS.
There are three short vowels in Pushto : a, as in America ;
I as in jpin ; and u as in put When followed by the letters
*alif,' *yey,' and *wao' respectively, they become long, viz.,
' a ' as in /or, * i ' as in police, and * u ' as in rule. When a
short is followed by the letters * yey ' or *wao,' a diphthong
is produced, making *ay ' or ' ai,' as in awZe, and *au,' like
* ou ' in sound, A peculiar sound, shorter than short a, is
in this book represented by cb diphthong.
It must be borne in mind that all letters must be
sounded in Pushto ; thus ^wari, 'humility;* ^wa^hey,
*a wife's mother.' Words of this formation drop the
sound of w in Persian ; but this is not the case in Pushto.
THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
THE AETICLE.
The Pushto language contains no article. The article is
supposed to be inherent in the noun, or is expressed by
sajz mar shah," " My father was ill : this year he died."
This in the "Paste," "Pukshto," or "Pakhhto" that we
hear about would be " Plar nu toug wuh : sag mar shah."
As Persian words are commonly used in the language, the
translation is really, "My father was a hog: the dog
died!"
Digitized by Google
the indefinite numeral yow, or the demonstrative pro-
nouns.
THE NOUN.
Nouns in Pu^hto are of two kinds, primitive and deriva-
tive ; the former proceeds from no other word in the
language, as Halak, * a boy ' ; Jina'i, * a girl ' ; the latter
spring from other nouns, or from verbs, as Tiara*h,
' blackness ' ; Earna, ' brightness.'
Nouns are of two numbers, singular and plural ; and
of two genders, masculine and feminine.
There are seven cases : — the nominative, the genitive,
the dative, the accusative, the vocative, the ablative, and
the agent or instrumental case.
The cases are formed by the addition of particles to the
noun in an inflected state.
The Grenitive is formed by prefixing da (sometimes dah)
to the noun, as da dunya, * of the world.*
The Dative is formed by the addition of either tah,
larah, or lah ; as sari tah, sari larah, or sari lah, ' to a
man.' Sometimes the particle tah, assumes the form watah,
or wa watah, of which the wa may precede the noun ; thus,
wa sari tah, or wa sari watah, * to a man.' There is also a
form of the dative in which the particles are omitted ; as
'Umar as da Zaid wahi, * 'XJmar strikes Zaid's horse.'
The Accusative remains the same as the nominative, or
assumes the dative form just given.
The Vocative is formed by prefixing the particles ai, ao,
or ^oo ; but these are sometimes dispensed with.
The Ablative case is formed by prefixing lah to the
noun, to which nah may also be affixed ; thus, lah sari, or
lah sari nah, * from a man.* Nouns ending in a conso-
nant reject the affixed nah in the singular only, and
replace it by short a or ahj as makhy ' the face ; ' lah
Tna.lrha.j or lah makhah, ' from the face.' The particles tar^
Digitized by Google
6 PXTSHTO MANUAL.
dar, or di are occasionally used to form this case, the last
generally having the noun followed by ndh. Under this
case may be included a Locative, with the sense of * in,'
* on,' * with,' * through,' * by means of.' It is formed by
prefixing * pah ' or * pa ' to the noun ; also by jpah before
the noun, and * ks'hey ' or * kslii' after it.
All the preceding particles remain unaffected by either
number or gender.
The Agent or Instrumental case is simply the inflected
form of the noun ; and it is used before transitive verbs,
in all past tenses of the active voice.
Gender.
There are two genders in Pu^hto, the masculine and the
feminine ; and they affect the terminations of nouns, ad-
jectives, and verbs.
The genders of many nouns can be distinguished by
attention to the different powers of the letters key and
yey, in which a great number of them terminate.
The letter h at the end of a word may be either percep-
tible, as in we^htah, * hair ; ' or, imperceptible, as in
iShadza'h, * a woman.' The former are all masculine, the
latter are all feminine.
Words ending in -aey (as sayaey, * a man ') are mascu-
line ; those ending in -a'i (as jina'i, * a girl ') are feminine.
Many feminine nouns (especially Persian derivatives)
exist of the foim mirtei, * trouble,' i.e. they end in long * i *
without the preceding short a ; and foreign words ending
in long * i ' which have crept into Pu^hfco may be mascu-
line or feminine according to the custom of the language
whence derived ; thus hati, * an elephant,' is masculine,
and da'i, * a nurse,' is feminine.
Nouns ending in silent e are all masculine ; as, dzo'e,
* a son,' so'e, * a hare.'
Digitized by Google
Some nouns derive their gender from their meaning,
and not from their form; as, plar, *a father/ mor, *a
mother,' Vror, * a brother,* ttor, * a sister.*
Feminine nouns can be formed from masculines by the
addition of the imperceptible A, as, u^h, * a male camel/
ui§ha*h, ' a female camel * ; and by changing the masculine
termination aey into aH, as murghumaey. ' a male kid,'
mur^uma*!, *a female kid.' Words of the form mel-
mah, ' a male guest,* insert an ?^ to prevent hiatus ; thus,
melmana'h, ^ a female guest.*
Declension,
Pu^hto nouns have nine declensions, distinguished
according to the yarious methods of inflection, and the
formation of the nominative plural.
let Declenaion. — ^Nouns which take * i ' or * i * in the
oblique cases singular and nominative plural ; and ' o ' or
* u ** in the oblique cases plural.
The first variety comprises masculine nouns ending in
CLetff and adds short; a in the vocative singular ; thus : —
Sing,
N. sayaey, ' a man.'
G. da sari, ' of a man.'
r sap tah, larah, or lah ^
D. < wa sari tah, larah, or lah V * to a man.'
(^ wa sayi watah, &c. )
Ac. saraey, * a man,' * to a man.'
V. ai sayaeya, wo sayaeya, or saraeya, * man.'
Ab. lah sari, or lah safi nah, ' from a man.*
Ag. sayi, * by a man.*
* Afghans, in writing, commonly write the short vowel
u instead of the letter o, therefore this u may be pro-
nounced as though o were written.
Digitized by Google
PXTSHTO MANUAL.
■1"
N. sayi, 'men.'
G. da sayo, * of men.*
C saro tah, larah, or lah
D. < wa saro tah, larah, or lah [ * to men.'
(.wa sayo watah, &c.
Ac. sari, * men,' *to men.*
V. ai sayo, wo saro, or saro, * men ! '
Ab. lah saro, or laJi saro nah, ' from men.'
Ag. saro, * bj men.'
In some instances the final letter of the plural form
may be retained in the oblique plural, as sa]rio tah, &c.,
* to men.'
The second variety comprises feminine, and generally
inanimate, nouns which take short i (occasionallj ey) in the
inflected cases, vocative included ; thus : —
Sing,
N". lar, * a road.'
G. da lari, * of a road.'
D. lari tah, &c., * to a road.'
Ac. lar, * a road, * to a road.'
V. ai or wo lari, * road ! '
Ab. lah lari, or lah lari nah, ' from a road.'
Ag. lari, * by a road.'
Plwr.
N. lari, * roads.'
G. da laro, * of roads.'
D. laro tah, &c., * to roads.'
Ac. lari, ' roads,' * to roads.'
V. ai or wo laro, * O roads ! '
Ab. lah laro, or lah laro nah, ' from roads.'
Ag. laro, * by roads.'
Digitized by Google
OBAMMAB. 9
2nd Declension. — ^Masculine nouns which do not inflect
in the singular oblique cases. They take short a in the
Yocative, and add two or more letters to form the plural
nominative, and often shorten a long vowel in the base.
The first variety takes * una * or * unah ' in the nominative
plural; thus: —
plar, * a Either.'
8ing. Plur,
N. plar.* plaruna or plarunah.
G. da plar. da plaruno.
V. ai or wo plara. ai or wo plaruno.
Ag. plar. plaruno.
The second variety, which are all masculine, inserts ' an *
before the final vowel in the plural ; thus : —
melmah, ' a guest.'
Sing, Plur,
N. melmah. melmanah.
G. da melmah. da melmano.
Y. ai melmah. ai melmano.
Ag. melmah. melmano.
The word ah, ' a sigh,' which is feminine amongst some
tribes, takes the above masculine form of the plural.
^d Declension. — Feminine nouns ending in impercep-
tible h, which becomes ey in the inflected form, as shown
below.
^hadza'h, * a woman.'
Sing, Plur,
N. ^hadza'h. ^hadzey.
G' da i^hadzey. da ^had^o.
Y. ai i^hadzey. ai i^hadzo.
Ag. ^hadzey. i^hadzo.
* In the following declensions only those cases will be
given which illustrate the changes of form.
Digitized by Google
10 PXTSHTO MANXTAL.
Certain nouns of this declension, which, however, are
generally Persian derivatiyes, of the form mirtsi, * distress,'
du^hmam, * enmity,' are inflected thus : —
Sing. Flur,
N. mirtgi. mirtsa'i.
G. da mirtsa'i. da mirtsio.
V. ai mirtsa'i. ai mirtsio.
Ag. mirtsa'i. mirtsio.
Mh Declension, — Nouns generally mascidine and of two
varieties. The first take the peculiar vowel sound shorter
than short a referred to at page 4, and represented here by
ce, in the oblique singular and nominative plural.
The first variety merely adds «, and sometimes ceh,
thus : —
ghal, ' a thief.'
Sing. Flur.
N". ghal. gh'lsB or gh'lseh.
G. da ^'Ise. da gh'lo.
V. ai ^'IfiB. ai gh'lo.
Ag. ^'IfiB. ^'lo.
The second variety consists of such nouns as n'miindz,
* prayer,' yun, * custom,' kojz, * a hyena,' and shkum, ' a
porcupine ' ; and changes the ' ii ' or * u ' of the base into
* a', and affixes short * a,' or ' ah,' as in the first variety ;
thus: —
n'miindz, * prayer.'
Sing. Plur.
N". n'miindz. n'mandza or n'mandzah.
G. da n'mandza. da n'mandzo.
V. ai n'mandza. ai n'mandzo.
Ag. n'mandza. n'mandzo.
6th Declension. — The nouns of this declension, which
contains many exotic words, are not subject to inflection,
except in the vocative singular. In this case masculines
take a or ah, and f eminines i or ey.
Digitized by Google
GBAMXAB. 11
The first variety adds * an * in the plural ; thus : —
u^h, ' a camel.'
Sing, PliMT.
N.
u^h.
u^han.
G.
dau^h.
da u^hano.
V.
ai u^ha.
ai ui^hano.
Ag
. u^h.
ui^hano.
The second yarietj adds ^ gan ' in the plural : thus : —
mandamo, ' a churning stick.'
Sing, Plur,
N. mandarno. mandarnogan.
G. da mandamo. mandarnogano.
Y. ai mandamo. ai mandarnogano.
Ag. mandamo. mandarnogano.
The third variety adds * yan ' in the plural ; thus : —
mulla, 'a priest.'
Sing. Plur,
N. mulla. mullayan.
G. da mulla. da mullayano.
V. ai mulla. ai mullayano.
Ag. mulla. mullayano.
The fourth variety comprises nouns of consanguinity,
and is somewhat irregular ; thus : —
mor, * a mother.'
8in>g, Plttr,
N. mor. mendi or mendey.
G. da mor.
da menda
V. ai mori.
ai mendo.
Ag. mor.
mendo.
d by Google
12 PUSHTO MANUAL.
dzo'e, ' a son.'
Sing, Plur,
N. dzo'e. dzaman.
G. da dzo'e. da dzamano.
V. ai dzo'ea. ai dzamano.
Ag. dzo'e. dzamano.
The fifth variety comprises nouns denoting sounds, the
whole of which take * har ' in the plural ; thus :
heng, * a groan.'
8ing. Plur,
N. heng. hengahar.
G. da heng. da hengaharo.
V. ai henga. ai hengaharo.
Ag. heng. hengaharo.
6th Declension. — ^Nouns which remain unchanged,
except in the oblique plural.
The first variety comprises masculines terminating in
perceptible h, such as wa^hah, * grass,' which, in the geni-
tive plural, becomes da washo, * of grasses.' The second
variety consists of feminines ending in long * a,' such as
^wa, * a cow,' the genitive plural of which is da ghwawOy
* of cows.' A third variety comprises feminines ending in
long ' i ' preceded by short * a ' (hamzd'h), such as jina'i, * a
girl,' the genitive plural of which is da jino, * of girls,*
The fourth variety ends in short * a ' or * ah,' like bama, or
bamah, * an eyelash,' which, in the genitive plural, becomes
da barno, * of eyelashes.' The fifth variety embraces all
nouns terminating in any other consonants than those
already mentioned ; and they shorten their last vowel to
ce in the plural; thus, s^wandar, *a steer,' becomes,
sBbwandfler, * steers,' da sttwandsero, ' of steers,' &c. The
remaining cases of the plural throughout this declension
follow the model of the genitive ; the singular, as said
before, is unchangeable.
Digitized by Google
OBAMMAB. 13
7th Declension. — Masculine nouns, which add short * a ' in
the oblique singular, and * una ' or * iinah ' in the nominative
plural. They shorten a vowel in the base ; thus : —
i^ar, '
^ a mountain.'
Sing.
N. ^ar.
G. da g^'ra.
V. ai idt'ra.
Ag. g^'ra.
Plur.
I^'runa or gh'runah.
da gh'rimo.
ai gh'riino.
gh'runo.
Sih Declension. — ^Nouns ending in * i,* which undergo no
change in the singular, but which take * a'i * in the nomina-
tive plural ; thus : —
siz-ni, * a swaddling-band.'
Sing. Plur.
N. siz-ni. idz-na'i.
G. da siz-ni, &c. da siz-no, <&c.
A few feminines in this declension are inflected as
follows : —
kuchuti) * a puny female child.'
Sing. Plv/r.
N. kuchuti. kuchiiti.
G. da kuchuti, &c. da kuchutio, &c,
9th Declension. — Nouns which undergo no change of in-
flection whatever ; thus : —
wi-ar, ' jealousy
Sing. Plv/r.
N. wi-ar, * jeaJousy.' wi-ar, * jealousies.'
G. da wi-ar, * of jealousy.' da wi-ar, ' of jealousies.'
V. ai wi-ar, * jealousy.* ai wi-ar, * jealousies.*
Ag. wi-ar, ' by jealousy.^ wi-ar, *by jealousies.'
Digitized by Google
14 PirSHTO MANUAL.
THE ADJECTIVE.
Adjectives should, in all cases, precede their notms ;
they assume the same terminations in gender, numter, and
case, as the nouns they qualify.
The nominative, oblique, vocative, and plural forms are
those which exhibit the changes of adjectives as of nouns ;
thus, mashar, * elder ' ; mashar w'ror, * an elder brother ' ;
da mashar w*ror, * of an elder brother,* ai mashara w'rora,
' elder brother ! ' mashar w'rurna, * elder brothers ' ; da
masharo w'riirno, * of elder brothers ' ; ai majsharo w'riimo,
* elder brothers ! '
Before feminine nouns adjectives take the imperceptible
h, and then follow the rule of the 3rd declension of nouns ;
thus, lo-e-a'h jsel, * a grown-up girl* ; da lo-e-ey jseley, * of a
grown-up girl ' ; lo-e-ey jseley, * grown-up girls ' ; da lo-eo
jselo, * of grown-up girls,* &c.
Sometimes a noun is used instead of an adjective to
qualify another noun ; as kamaey z'rah, * a hard (stone)
heart.' In this case both nouns follow the usual inflection
according to their terminations ; thus, da karni z'rah, * of
a hard heart' (see Declensions 1 and 2).
Adjectives containing * o ' change that letter to * a * in
the singular oblique and nominative plural, and affix per-
ceptible h to the end of the word ; thus, sor, * cold,' makes da
sarah in the genitive singular, sarah in the nominative
plural, and da saro in the plural oblique. In the feminine
the is changed to short a, and imperceptible h is added
to the word ; thus, sara'h, nominative ; da sarey, genitive ;
and sarey, nominative plural ; but the feminine oblique
plural is the same as the masculine.
There are a number of adjectives, principally active and
past participles, which in the masculine terminate in a&y
(1st declension), whose feminines take * i ' or * ey ' ; thus,
wa-yiinkaey, *a speaker,* wa-yunki or wa-yunkey, femi-
nine.
Digitized by Google
GRAMMAK. 15
The ordinal niunbers are declinable, and subject to the
same changes by inflection as other adjectives.
Comparison of Adjectives. — The positive is made com-
parative by the particles ta/r^ Idh, lah nah, <&c., used with
the object to which comparison is made ; thus, ' bad spiik
gamah tar b*araa*h' (lit * evil light consider than a feather '),
* consider evil lighter than a feather.' A mere repetition
of the positive is commonly used in forming the compara-
tive ; thus, puch puch wa-yi, ' he talks great nonsense.'
In forming the superlative, such words as tol, * all,' hadd,
* boundary,' pahor-tah or por-tah, * over,' * above,* are used
in addition to the particles employed to form the com-
parative ; thus, daghah lah tolo lo-e daey (li^, ' this than
all big is '), * this is the greatest ' ; lah hadda zi-ata, * beyond
bounds ' ; da sayaey la^ tolo nah der hoiSh-yar daey (lit
* this man than all very clever is ') * this man is the cleverest
of all.'
THE PEONOTJN.
The Eu^hto pronouns are of five different classes — the
personal, demonstrative, reflective or reciprocal, interroga-
tive, and indefinite. There are no peculiarly relative or
co-relative forms.
The first personal pronoun is not subject to any change
on account of gender.
Sing.
N. zah, 'I.'
G. dz'ma, * mine,' * of me.*
p C ma tah, larah, lah, ) * to me '
' ( wa ma tah, wa ma watah, &c. )
Ac. ma, * me,' * to me.'
Ab. lah ma, lah ma nah, ' from me.*
Ag. ma, * by me.'
Digitized by Google
16 PXTSHTO MANUAL.
Plur.
N. nmngah, mungah, or mujz,* * we.'
G, dz'mungah or dz'mujz, * of us,' * our.'
r mungali tab or mujz tab ^
D. < wa mungah tah or wa mujz tab > * to us.'
(^ wa mungah watah or wa mujz watah )
Ac. mungah or mujz, * us,' * to us.'
^^ Clah mungah or lah mujz _ |.fromus,'
( lah mungah nah or lah mu jz nah j
Ag. mungah or mujz, * by us.'
The second personal pronoun is as follows : —
K
tab, * thou.'
G.
sta or da ta, * of thee,' * thine.'
D.
ta tab, &c., * to thee.' /
Ac.
ta, * thee,' ' to thee.' (
V.
ai ta or wo ta, * thou ! '
Ab.
la,b tab, &c., * from thee.'
Ag.
ta, * by thee.'
Masc. Plur.
N.
tasu or tasey, * ye,' * you.'
a.
stasu or stasi, * of you,' * yours.'
D.
tasu or tasey tab, &c., * to you.'
Ac.
tasu or tasey, * you,' * to you.'
V.
ai tasu or tasey, &c. * you ! '
Ab.
lab tasu or tasey, &c. * from you.'
Ag.
tasu, or tasey, * by you.'
* The forms built upon ' mungah,' &c., belong to Eastern
Pu^hto ; those deduced from * mujz ' belong to the Western
dialect.
Digitized by Google
aBAMMAB. 17
The third personal pronoun has a feminine form in the
oblique eases of the singular, but the plural is the same
as the masculine.
Masculine Singular,
ha^ah, 'he/ 'it/
N. ha^ah, ' he,' ' it/
G. da haghahy * of him,' &c.
D. haghah tah, <&e., ' to him,' &c,
Ac. haghahy * him,' * to him.'
Ab. lah ha^ah, &c. * from him.'
Ag. haghah, ' by him.'
Feminine Singular,
haghah, * she,' * it.'
N. hagliah, * she,' ' it.'
G. da hi^ih or da hi^ej, * of her,' <fec.
D. hi^ih tah or highey tah, &c., * to her.'
Ac. haghah, * her.'
Ab. lah highih or lah highey. &c., * from her.'
Ag. hi^ih or highey, ' by her.'
Masculine and Feminine Plural.
N. haghah, * they.'
G. da hu^o or da hughoey, * of them.'
D. hu^o tah or hu^oey tah, &c., * to them.*
Ac. ha^^ah, * them,' ' to them.'
Ab. lah hu^o or lah hu^oey, &c., * from them.'
Ag. hugho or hu^oey, ' by them.'
The demonstrative pronouns are of two kinds, the
proximate and the remote.
The jproximate demonstratives are daghah and da, which,
when inflected, are both masculine and fenuipne.
itizedbyV^OOgl(^
18 PXTSHTO MANUAL.
Mascidine SinguUvr.
M. & F. N. da^ah or da, * this.'
M. G. da daghah, or da dey, * of this.'
F. G. da dighih. da dighey. or da dey, * of this.'
M. D. daghah tah or dey tah, &c., * to this.'
F. D. dighih tah, di^ey tah, or dey tah, &c., ' to
this.'
M . Ac. da^ah, or da, * this,' * to this.'
F. Ac. daghah or da, * this,' * to this.'
M. Ab. lah daghah, or lah dey, &c., * from this.'
F. Ab. lah dighih, lah dighey, or lah dey, &c. ' from
this.'
M. Ag. da^ah, or dey, * by this.'
F. Ag. dighih , dighey^ or dey, * by this.'
Plural {for both Oenders),
N. daghah * these.'
G. da da^o or da dewo, * of these.'
D. dagho tah or dewo tah, &c., * to these.'
Ac. daghah. * these,' * to these.'
Ab. lah dagho or lah dewo, &c., * from these.'
Ag. dagho or dewo, * by these.'
There is another form of the proximate demonstrative
pronoun, more generally used by the Western than the
Eastern Af^ans, and more emphatic in its signification
than the foregoing. It is not subject to change for gender
or number, and is thus declined : —
ha-yah, * this.'
N. ha-yah. Ac. hayah.
G. da ha-ey. Ab. lah ha-ey, <&c.
D. ha-ey fcah, &c. Ag. ha-ey.
Digitized by Google
GBAMHAB. 19
The remote demonstratiyes are * daey ' for the masculine,
and ' da ' for the feminine. The latter is the same as one of
the proximate demonstratives before described. The
difference is that the former is used for both genders, but
the latter only for the feminine.
daey, * that.'
Sing, Plur.
N. daey, M., da, F. du-i, M. and F.
G. da dah or da dey. da du-i, or da dii-io.
D. dah tah or dey tah, &c. du-i tah or dii-io tah, &c.
Ac. daey or da. dii-i.
Ab. lah daey or lah dey, &c. lah du-i or lah dii-io, &c.
Ag. dah or dey. dii-i, or dii-io.
The reflective or reciprocal pronoun topul, * self,' is ap-
plicable to all persons. It is placed before the yerb in the
sentence, and must refer to the agent or nominative either
expressed or understood, whatever it may be. The plural
inflected form is used for both genders. It is declined as
follows : —
Singula/r,
Masc.
Fern.
N. lipuL
G. da khpul.
D. khpul tah, &c.
Ac. ttpul.
Ab. lah kbpula, &c.
Ag. ttpul.
ttpula'h.
da ^puley.
ytipuley tah, &c.
khpula'h.
lah ttpuley, &c.
^puley.
Plwrah — Masculine S Feminine.
N. ttpul M., apula'h F. Ac. ttpul M., khpula'h F.
G. da ^pulo. Ab. lah ^pulo, &c.
D. khpulo tah, <&c. Ag. Uipulo.
The interrogative pronouns are * tsok,' * kom,' and * kam.'
The interrogative * tsok ' is applied to persons, and rarely
Digitizedby VjOC O ♦
220 PirSHTO MANUAL.
to inaniinate objects. It is used both for the singular and
plural, and masculine and feminine, and is thus declined : —
tsok, * who ? ' * which? ' ' what ? '
N. tsok. Ac. tsok.
G. da cha. Ab. lah cha.
D. cha tah, <&c. Ag. cha.
This pronoun is also in common use as an indefinite,
and is for the most part applied to persons, but in some
instances to things also.
The interrogatives * kom ' and * kam ' are both singular
and plural ; but they undergo change in gender ; thus : —
kom or kam, * what ? *
Masc. Fern.
!N*. kom or kam. koma'h or kama'h.
G. da kom or da kam. da komej or da kamey.
D. kom tah or kam tah, &c. komey tah or kamey tah, &c.
Ac. kom or kam. koma'h or kama'h.
Ab. lah koma or lah kama. lah komey or lah kamey, <&c.
Ag. kom or kam. komey or kamey.
The pronoun * tsah ' is used both in an interrogative as
well as in an indefinite sense. It undergoes no change of
form in inflection ; thus, teah, * what ? ' ' a,' * an,' * any,'
Ac; da tsah, 'of what?' tsali larah or tsah lah, *to
what?'&c.
There is another indefinite pronoun, dzini or dzini. It is
applicable to things both animate and inanimate ; but is
not subject to any change of termination on account of
gender. It is botk singular and plural.
!N*. dzini or dzini. Ac. dzini or dzini.
G. da dzino. Ab. lah dzino.
D. dzino tah, <&c. Ag. dzino or dzinu.
Several pronouns admit of composition ; thus, har-tsok,
* whoever,' har-teah, * whatever,' har-yow, * everyone,' kam-
Digitized by Google
OBAMMAB. 21
yow, * whicli one P ' * whichever P ' These pronouns are
subject to the same rules of inflection, and change of ter-
mination for gender, as the pronouns from which they are
derived ; thus, kam-yow (m<wc.), kama'h yowa'h (/em.),
'which one?'; da kam-yowa (masc), da kamey-yowey
(fern.), * of which one ? ' &c.
The word * chih * is used as a relative pronoun, and the
co-relative is supplied by the demonstrative.
In addition to the regular form of the pronouns already
explained, there are three other forms, as follows : —
First Form, — Singular.
Person.
1st. nu or mi, * I, mine, to me.'
2nd. di or di, ' thou, thine, to thee.'
3rd. yeh or yah, * he, she, it, her, hers,' Ac.
First Form. — Plural.
1st. um, muh, or mu, * we, ours, to us.'
2nd. mah or mo, * you, yours, to you.'
3rd. yeh or yah, * them, theirs, to them.'
The above pronouns are used with the past tenses of the
active voice to denote the agent in a sentence ; but they
have no meanings separate from the verbs. With any
other than active or transitive verbs they point out the
object or possessive case. They are not affected by gender,
and may be prefixed or inserted.
Second Form. — Singular and Plural.
Person.
1st. ra, ra tah, ra larah, or ra lah, * to me, to us.'
2nd. dar, dar tah, &c.,. * to thee, to you.'
3rd. war, war tah, &c., * to him, her, it, them.'
The above may be termed a pronominal dative prefix, as
it is alone used to point out the object in a sentence. It
Digitized by Google
22 PXTSHTO MANUAL.
is used with all verbs ; but, like the first form, has no in-
dependent meaning. It is not subject to change on account
of gender.
Third Form,
Person. 8ing. Flur.
1st. am, *I.' u, *we.'
2nd. ey, * thou.* a'ai, * ye, you.*
3rd. i, *he, she, it.* i, * they.*
The above are used in forming the tenses of intransitive
and substantive verbs, and, with the exception of the six
past tenses, for those of verbs transitive also. They are
inseparable from the verbs, and have no independent
meaning. The regular personal pronouns may also be pre-
fixed to the verbs with which they are used, but are not
absolutely required, and not generally adopted.
THE VEEB.
Verbs are of two kinds — ^primitive and derivative, which
may again be divided into six classes — the substantive,
intransitive, active or transitive (comprising causals), the
derivative, and the passive.
Active verbs may be obtained from some intransitives
by changing the termination -al or -edal of the infinitive,
into 'OajimI ; as baledal, * to take fire,* balawul, ' to set on
fire.*
Causals are formed from intransitives and transitives in
precisely the same manner; thus, zghaledal. 'to run,*
zghalawul. * to cause to run.*
Derivatives may be formed from nouns, adjectives, or
pronouns, either by simply affixing the sign of the infini-
tive, or by also shortening the long vowel of the base ; as,
poha*h, 'understanding,* pohedal, 'to understand,* pohawul,
* to inform,* ' cause to understand * ; wuch, ' dry,' wuchedal.
Digitized by Google
OBAHMAB. 23
* to become dry,* wnchawul, * to make dry ;* ruma, * bright/
rai]3awiil * to make bright ' ; ghaya'hy * a brink or side/
gharedal. ' to turn aside ' ; gharawul^ ' to put aside.'
Nouns and adjectives very frequently give rise to a kind
of compound verb, by the mere addition thereto of a regu-
larly conjugated verb ; thus, u-dah, * asleep,* u-dah kedal,
* to go to sleep ' ; wajzaey, * hungry,' wajzaey kedal, * to
become himgry.'
The passive voice is formed by the addition of the dif-
ferent tenses of the substantive or auxiliary verbs kedal
and sh'wal, * to be or become,' to the past participle or im-
perfect tense of a transitive verb, both of which are subject
to the same changes in termination for gender as other
verbs, to agree with the governing noun in the sentence.
Thb Sxtbstantivb Vbbb.
Infinitive imknown.
Present Tense.
zah yam, * I am.' mujz or mungah yu, * we are.*
tah yey, * thou art.' tasu ya'ai or yasta'ai, * you
are.'
ha^^iah daey or shtah, ' he haghah di or shtah, ^ they
is.' are.'
haghah da'h or shtah, ' she
is.'
Past Tense.
zah wum, * I was.' mujz or mungah wu, ' wo
were.'
tah wey, ' thou wast.' tasu wa'ai, * you were.'
haghah wu or wuh, * he was.' haghah wu, * they were.'
haghah wa'h, ' she was.' haghah wey, ' they were.'
Digitized by Google
24 PXTSHTO MANUAL.
Fu/tu/re Tense.
zah bah yam, * I shall he* mujz or mungah bah yu, * we
shall be.'
tah bah jey, * thou shalt be.' tasu or tasi bah ya'ai* * you
shall be.'
haghah bah wi or bah wina, hag^ah bah wi or bah wina,
' he, she, it, shall be.' * they shall be.'
Aorist or Future Indefinite.
zah, tah, or haghah wi or mujz or mungah, tasu or
wina, * I, thou, he, she, or haghah wi or winah, * we,
it may be.' you, or they may be.'
Conditional or Optative.
zah wae, wae, or bah wum, mujz or mungah wae, wae,
* were I.' or bah wu, * were we.'
tah wey, wae, or bah wey, tasu or tasi wa'ai, or wae, or
* wert thou.' bah wa'aa,t * were you.*
hai^ah wae, wae, or bah haghah wae, wae, or bah wii,
wuh, * were he or it.' * were they.'
haghah wae, wae, or bah haghah wae, wae, or bah
wa'h, ' were she or it.' wey^ * were they.*
The following, as well as the preceding verb, is used to
denote mere existence. It is an auxiliary, and imperfect in
its conjugation.
* tasii oah yast, in Western Afghanistan,
t tasu wast or bah wast in the West.
Digitized by Google
GRAMMAR. 25
Injmitive,
aosedal, * to be, exist, continue,' Ac.
Noun of Fitness.
da aosedo or da aosedalo, * of or for being, existing,' &c.
Active Pwrticiple.
Singular, — MasCy aosedunkaej or aosedunaey. Fem,^ aose-
duni or aosedunki ; aosedunej or aosedunkey, * exister/
&c.
Plural, — Masc, and Fern., aosedunki or aosaduni, 'existers,'
Present Tense,
zah aosam, ' I exist/ miijz or mungah aosu, ' we
exist.'
tah aosej. tasu or tasi aos'ai
haghah aosi. hagihah aosi.
Conditional or Optative,
zah aosedam, * were I.' miijz aosedii, * were we.'
tah aosedej. tasu aosed'ai or tasu aose-
dast.
M. haghah aosedah. haghah aosedal.
F. liag^ah aoseda'h or haghah aosedej, or aosedal-
aosedala'h ej.
Future Tense.
zah bah wu aosam, * I will mujz or mungah bah wu
exist.' aosii, * we will exist.'
tah bah wu aosey. tasu bah wu aos'ai
haghah bah wu aosi. haghah bah wu aosi.
Digitized by Google
PXTSHTO MANXTiLL.
Aorist Tense,
zah wu aosam, ' I may exist.' mujz or mimgali wu aosu.
tall wu aosey. tasu wu aos'ai.
haghah wu aosi. haghah wu aosi.
Precative.
zaE wu aosam, ' I should mujz or mungah wu aosu.
exist.'
tah wu aosey. tasii wu aos'ai.
hskghah. di wu aosi. ha^ah di wu aosi.
Throughout the above three tenses the prefix * wu * is
optionally, and is often, omitted.
Im^^ative,
tah aosah, ' exist thou.'
haghah di aosi, ' let him, her, &c., exist.'
tasii aosa'i, ' exist you.'
haghah di aosi, ' let them exist.'
The verb kedal, * to be or become,' used in forming the
passive voice.
kedal, * be be,' ' become.'
Present Tense,
zah kejzam miijz or mungah kejzu.
tah kejzey. tasii kejz'ai.
haghah kejzi. haghah kejzi.
Eastern Af ^ans turn * jz ' into ' g ' ; therefore, in this
tense, they would use * g ' f or * jz ' throughout.
Digitized by Google
OBAMMAB. 27
Imperfect Tense,
zah kedam, ' I was becom- mujz (yr mungah kedu.
ing.'
tah kedey. tasu ked'ai.
hag^ah keda or kedali (M.). hag^ah kedal (M.).
hai^ah keda'h or kedala'h hag^ah kedej or kedalej
(P.)- (F-)
If between the pronoun and tlie verb, the particle *bah '
be inserted in this tense, it assumes the habitual form.
Futv/re Tense.
zah bah kejzam, ' I will be- mujz or mungah bah kejzu.
come.'
tah bah kejzej. tasu bah kejz'al.
haghah bah kejzi. haghah bah kejzi.
In this tense the prefixed personal pronouns are often
omitted in a sentence.
The verb * sh'wal,' like that which precedes it, imports
transition from one state to another. It is used to form
the passive voice.
Infinitive,
sh'wal, ' to be or become/
Noun of Fitness,
da sh'walo or da sh'wo, ' of or for being or becoming.'
AcHve PaHiciple,
Sing. — (M.) sh'wunkaey or sh'wunaey ; (P.) sh'wuney or
sh'wunkey, * the becomer.'
Plw, — (M. and P.) sh'wunH or sh'wuni, * the becomers.'
d by Google
PUSHTO HAiniAL.
Passive Participle.
Sing, — (M.) sliawaej, shawalaej ; (P.) shawey or shawalej,
' become.'
Pltur, — (M. and F.) shawi or sliawali, ' become/
Present Tense.
sbam, • I become.' sliu, ' we become.'
shej. shaa'i.
haghah sH. haghah shi.
Imperfect Tense.
flliVam, bah sb'wam, or sh'wu, babsli'wu, or sb'walu,
sh'walam, * I was becom- * we were becoming.*
ing.'
sli'wej, bah sh'wey, or shVaa, bah shVai, or
sh'waley. sh'wal'aa.
haghah shah or bah shah haghah sh'wii, bah sh'wu, or
(M.). sh'wal(M.).
haghah sh'wa'h, bah sh'wa'h, haghah sh'wej, bah sh'wej,
or sh'wala'h (P.). or sh'waley (F.).
Past Tense*
wu sh'wam or wu sh'walam, wu sh'wii or wu sh'walu, * we
* I became.' became.'
wu sh'wej or wu sh'waley. wu sh'w'ai or wu sh'wal'al.
wu shah (M.). wu sh'wu or wu sh'wal (M.)
wu sh'wa'h or wu sh'wala'h wu sh'wey or wu sh'waley
(F.). (F.)-
Throughout this tense the particle * wu ' may be option-
ally omitted.
d by Google
GBAMMAB. 29
Perfect Tense.
shawaej yam, * I have be- sliawi yu, *we have become.'
come.'
ghawaey jqj. shawi ya'ai.*
shawaey dey (M.). shawi di (M. and P.).
shawey da'h (P.).
Flwperfect Tense,
shawaey wum, * I had be- shawi wu, * we had become.'
come.'
shawaey wey. shawi wa'ai.
shawaey wuh (M.). shawi wu (M.).
shawey wa'h (P.). shawi wey (P.).
\st IhUfwre Tense.
sham, * I should become.' shu, * we should become/
shey. sha'al.
ha^ah di shi. haghah di shi.
The particle ' wu ' may be prefixed to the verb through-
out the above tense.
2w(i Future Tense.
wu bah sham, *I will be- wu bah shu, 'we will be-
come.' come.'
wu bah shey. wu bah sha'ai.
wu bah shi. wu bah shi.
When the personal pronouns are prefixed to this tense
the particles * wu ' and * bah ' are transposed ; thus, zah
bah wu sham, ' I wiU become ' ; haghah bah wu shi, ' he,
she, it, or they will become.*
* In the West, * shawi yast.'
Digitized by Google
so PXTSHTO MANUAL.
Aorist Tense.
wu sham, * I may, shall, will, wu shii, * we may, shall, will,
&c., become.' &c., become.'
wu shey. wu sha'al.
hag^ah wu shi. hag^ah wu shi.
The particle * wu,' may optionally be omitted.
Conditionol or Optative.
kah zah sh'wae, * If I be- kah mujz or mungah sh'wae.
came.*
kah tah sh'wae. kah tasu sh'wae.
kah haghah sh'wae. kah ha|^h sh'wae.
Past Conditional.
kah zah shawaey wey, * K I kah mujz or mungah shawi
had become.' ' wey.
kah tah shawaey wey. kah tasu shawi wey.
kah haghah shawaey wey. kah haghah shawi wey.
In the singular the feminine form of the past part.
* shawey ' must be used in each of the three persons.
Past^Future Tense.
shawaey bah yam, ' I shall shawi bah yu.
or wUl have become.'
shawaey bah yey. shawi bah ya'al.
ha^ah shawaey bah wi. haghah shawi bah wi.
The feminine form of the past participle is used for the
singular in each person.
ImperaMve.
wu shah, * become thou.' wu sha'ai, * become you.'
ha^ah di wu sM ' let him, ha^ah di wu shi, * let them
her, or it become.' become.'
In the Imperative the partide ' wu ' may be dropped.
Digitized by Google
gbammab. si
Tbansitiye and Intbansitiye Yebbs.
All infinitives in the Pui^lito language end in * -1/ * -edal/
or * -will' ; those ending in * -1* are both transitive and intran-
sitive, those which take *-edal' are, without exception,
intransitive, and those ending in * -wul ' are all transitive.
There are no less than thirty- seven classes of verbs,
which comprise all the regular and irregular conjugations
in the language. Thirteen of these classes are intransitive,
including five imperfect, and twenty -four transitive, com-
prising nineteen perfect and imperfect, and five imperfect.
The peculiarities of each class will now be specified.
For the sake of brevity it may be mentioned that the
inflections of the verb arrange themselves under two
groups; the first group includes the Present, Aorist,
Future, and Imperative, and the other group the Imper-
fect, the Past Tense, and generally the Past Participle.
Intransitives.
Class I. — ^After dropping the * T of the infinitive the last
radical letter is changed to another in the 1st group of
tenses, but remains in the 2nd group. Thus, pohedal,
* to know ' ; 1st. pohejzi, * he knows ' ; wu pohejzi, * he
may know ' ; wu pohejzah, * know ' ; hut 2nd. pohedah,
* he was knowing ' ; wu pohedah, * he knew ' ; pohedalaey,
* known.'
Class II. — The two last radical letters are rejected in the
1st group of tenses, and retained in the second group.
Thus, z'g^aledal, * to run ' ; 1st. z'g^ali, * he nms,' &c. ;
2nd. z'^aledah, * he was running,* &c.
Class III — The three last radical letters are rejected in
the 1st group of tenses, and retained in the 2nd group.
Thus, k'^henastal, * to sit ' ; 1st. k'^heni, * he sits,' &c. ;
2nd. k'l^henast, * he was sitting.**
* These verbs do not take the particle * wu ' in the past,
accordingly the imperfect and past have the same form,
Digitized by Google
32 PTJ8HTO MANUAL.
Glass IV. — The last radical letter is rejected, and the
long vowel elided in the 1st group of tenses. Thus, chaw-
dal, * to split ' ; 1st. ch'wi, * he splits ' ; 2nd. chawd, * he
was splitting.'
Class F. — ^The last radical letter is changed for two
others in the 1st group of tenses. Tbus, Uiatal, 'to
ascend ' ; 1st. khejzi, * he ascends ' ; 2nd. khot, * he was
ascending.'*
Class VL — The * -1 ' of the infinitive is simply rejected.
Thus, m'ral, * to die ' ; 1st. m'ri, ' he dies ' ; 2nd. mar, ' he
was dying.' In the 1st group the verb * m'ral ' exception-
ally changes ' r ' to * r.' The past participle is simply an
adjective ; thus, mar, ' dead.'
Class VIL — A letter is added after the last radical letter
in the 1st group of tenses, and both that and the added
letter are rejected in the 2nd group. Thus, swal, *to
bum ' ; 1st. swadzi, ' he burns ' ; 2nd. sah, * he was burn-
ing ' ; but the Western Afghans in the imperfect and past
reject the perceptible * h ' in ' sah ' for * u ' ; thus, su, * he
was burning.'
Im/perfect Verbs,
Class VIIL — This class conforms to the rule of Class I. ;
but all the tenses, except the Present and Imperfect, are
k'^henast, but are known from the construction of the
sentence.
* Verbs of this class make this change of short * a ' to
' o ' in the third person masculine singular only ; in the
third person plural the * a ' becomes ' a ' (e.g. ^atseh and
ttatal, the same as the infinitive itself, * they were ascend-
ing ') ; in the remaining persons no change takes place ;
thus, ^atam, ' I was ascending,' <fcc., except in the third
persons feminine, to form which imperceptible *h' is
added to the root or to the infinitive, as, ^ata'h or
^atala'h, ' she was ascending.'
Digitized by Google
aBAMMAB.
formed with tlie Past Papticiple, and the auxiliary verb
* sh'wal.* Thus, matedal, * to break ' ; 1st. matejzi, * he
breaks ' ; mat shi, * he shall or may break' ; mat shah, ' let
him break ' ; 2nd. matedah, * he was breaking ' ; mat shah,
* he broke ' ; mat or mat shawaey, 'broken.'*
Cla88 IX. — ^Wanting in the 1st group of tenses, which
are supplied from some other verb; the 2nd group are
regular. Thus, z'^astal, * to run'; 1st. z'g^ali, *he
runs ' ; 2nd. z'g^ast, * he was running.'
Class X. — ^Wanting in the 2nd group of tenses, which
are supplied from other verbs. Thus, drumal, 'to go ' ;
1st. dr&mi, ' he goes ' ; wu drumi, * he may go' ; wu drumah,
* go ' ; 2nd. tah, * he was going ' ; lar, * he went ' ; talaey
or t'lalaey, * gone.'
Glass XI. — Consisting of such verbs as laral, 'to go,'
the deficiencies of which are supplied by help of sh'wal,
* to become.' Thus, laral, 'to go ' ; 1st. dzi, ' he goes ' ;
lar shi, * he may or shall go ' ; lar shah, * go ' ; 2nd. tah,
* he was going ' ; lar, ' he went ' ; talaey or t'lalaiey * gone.'
Class XII. — Containing only the verb t'lal, * to go,'
which has only the infinitive and imperfect. Thus, t'lal,
'to go ' ; 1st. dzi, * he goes ' ; lay shi, * he may or shall
go ' ; dzah, *' go ' ; 2nd. t'lah or tah, * he was going ' ; lar,
* he went ' ; talaey or t'lalaey, ' gone. ' The pronouns * ra,'
* dar,' and * war ' (see p. 21), are used with this verb.
Class XIII. — Containing only the verb racial, *to
come,' which has merely a Past Tense and Past Participle.
This is really a compound of * ra ' and a verb * g^lal,'
as the following indication of its tenses shows : — ra-ghlal.
* to come ' ; 1st. ra-dzi, * he comes ' ; ra-shi, ' he may come ' ;
ra-dzah, * let him come ' ; 2nd. ra-tah, ' he was coming ' ;
ra-ghaey, * he came ' ; ra-ghlalaey or ra-ghalaey^ * come.'
* These verbs are mostly derivative, formed from ad-
jectives, by aid of the termination * -edal.'
Digitized by GoOgk
34 PUSHTO MANUAL.
Transitives.
As in the case of Intransitives, before applying the
following rules, the * -1 ' of the infinitive is first rejected.
Class I. — Lengthen the penultimate *a' to *a' in the
2nd group of tenses. Thus, taral, *to bind'; 1st. tari,
* he binds ' ; 2nd. tarah, * he was binding ' ; taralaey , * bound.'
The verbs of this class are the most numerous in the
language.
Class IL — In the Present and Imperative the personal
terminations are simply added. The Imperative is some-
times formed by the addition of the imperative of kral,
*to do,' to the shortened past participle. The Aorist,
Future, and Past tenses are always formed by aid of
* k'ral ' and the shortened past participle. In the Imper-
fect the penultimate *a' is lengthened to *a.' Thus,
kha^hawul, * to bury ' ; ^a^hawi, * he buries ' ; ^aiSh k'ri,
* he may bury ' ; ^a^h krah, * bury ' ; ^ai^hawuh, * he
was burying ' ; ^a^h kar, * he buried ' ; kha^h karaey,
* buried.' The verbs of this class are very numerous.
Class III, — The last two radical letters of the verb are
changed to two others in the 1st group of tenses. The
2nd group is regular. Thus, i^o^htal, * to Jesire ' ; 1st.
ghwarly *he desires'; 2nd. ^o^ht, *he was desiring';
ghoshtalaey, 'desired.'
The letter-change is as follows : —
Examples.
iSht becomes ar gho^htal g^wari.
st „ nd a^^ustal aj^undi.
^ht „ m ska^htal skarni.
i^ho „ jzd or gd pre-^howul prejzdi.
Class IV. — The last two radical letters are supplanted
by one other letter in the 1st group of tenses; but are
retained in the 2nd group. Thus, mundal, *to find';
Digitized by Google
OSAMMAB. 35
1st. mumi, *he finds'; 2nd. mund, *he wa43 finding';
also, Twastal, ' to read ' ; 1st. Twali, * he reads ' ; 2nd.
I'wast, 'he was reading'; and a^histal, *to seize';
1st. a^bli, ' he seizes.'
Class V, — These verbs do not take the prefixed * wu ' ;
and form all the tenses and the Imperative bj the mere
rejection of the *-l* of the infinitive; the 1st group of
tenses taking the affixed, and the 2nd groap the pre-
fixed pronouns. Thus, ba'e-lal, * to lose (at play) ' ; 1st.
ba'e-li, * he loses ' ; 2nd. ba'e-lah, * he was losing.'
Class VL — ^The penultimate vowel of the verb is
lengthened. Thus, wa-yal, * to speak ' ; 1st. wa-yi, * he
speaks ' ; 2nd. wa-yah, ' he was speaking ' ; wayalaey,
* spoken.'
Class VIL — Short *a' becomes 'o' in the Ist group
of tenses, and ^a' in the 2nd group. Thus, balal, Ho
call ' ; 1st. boll, * he calls ' ; 2nd. balah, * he was calling ' ;
balalaey, ' called.'
Class VIIL — ^In the 1st group of tenses the last radical
letter is changed for another; in the 2nd group it is
retained, and the penultimate 'a' lengthened to 'a.'
Thus, wajzlal, *to kill'; 1st. wajzni, *he kills'; 2nd.
wajzah, ' he was killing' ; wajzalaey, ' killed.'
Class IX. — These verbs reject the prefixed * wu ' in the
Past tenses. In the 1st group of tenses the last radical
letter is changed. Thus, * pra-natal, * to unloose ' ; 1st.
pra-na4^, * he imloosens '; 2nd. pra-nat, * he was unloosen-
ing ' ; pra-nataey or pra-natalaey, * unloosened.'
Cla>ss X. — In the 1st group of tenses the three last
radical letters are changed. Thus, wishtal, ' to discharge ' ;
1st. wuli, * he discharges ' ; 2nd. wisht, * he was discharg-
ing ' ; wishtalaey, * discharged.'
CUiss XI. — ^The two last radicals are rejected in the
1st group of tenses. Thus, arwedal, ' to hear ' ; 1st. arwi,
* he hears ' ; 2nd. arwedah, * he was hearing' ; arwedalaey,
* heard.'
Digitized by VjOO"
36 PXJSHTO MANUAL.
Class XIL — The last radical letter is rejected in the
1st group of tenses, and the penultimate vowel lengthened
in the 2nd group. Thus, pejzandal, * to know * ; 1st. pejzani,
* he knows * ; 2nd. pejzand, * he was knowing* ; pejzandal-
aey, * knovm.*
Glass XIIL — The penultimate vowel is lengthened in
the 1st group of tenses ; the simple infinitive, with the
addition of the prefix * wu * for the Past tense, is employed
in the 2nd group. Thus, Randal, *to laugh*; 1st.
Uandi, * he laughs * ; 2nd. Randal, ' he was laughing * ;
wu Ubiandal, * he laughed * ; ^andalaej, * laughed.*
Class XIV, — The last radical letter is changed in the
1st group of tenses. Thus, mu^hal, * to rub * ; 1st. mujzi,
* he rubs ' ; 2nd. mu^hah, * he was rubbing * ; mu^halaey,
* rubbed.*
Imperfect Verbs.
Class XV. — Wanting in the 1st group of tenses, and
the Past tense, which are supplied by those of another
imperfect verb wanting in other tenses. Thus, ye^hal,
* to place ' ; 1st. jz'di, * he places ' ; jz*di, * he may place ' ;
jz*dah, * place ' ; 2nd. ye^h, * he was placing * ; ke-^ho, * he
placed * ; ye^haey, * placed.'
Class XVI — The verb ke-^hwal, *to place,* illustrates
this class. It has but one tense, which is used both for
Imperfect and Past. The deficiencies are supplied by
ke-jz'dal, *to place.* Thus,ke-^hwal, * to place*; 1st. ke-jz'di,
' he places * ; 2nd. ke-^ho, * he was placing ' ; ke-^ho, * he
placed ' ; ye^haey, * placed.'
Class XVII — ^A verb of this class, jz*dal, * to place,*
has no Past tenses or Past Participle. Its deficiencies are
supplied by other imperfect verbs. Thus, jz*dal, * to place * ;
1st. jz*^, * he places * ; 2nd. ke-^ho, * he was placing * ;
ke-^ho, * he placed * ; yeiShaey, * placed.'
Class XVIIL — Possibly the only verb of this class is
Digitized by Google
GHAMMAR. 37
Vral, * to take or carry ' ; it takes its Aorist and Futures
from the verb *yo-sal,* which is also imperfect. Thus,
w'ral, *to take*; 1st. w*ri, * he takes'; yo-si, *he may
take ' ; 2nd. war, * he was taking ' ; waraey, * taken.'
Glaaa XIX, — Wanting in Aorist, Futures, and Past
tenses, which are supplied from other imperfect verbs. In
the Present and Imperative the last radical letter is
changed to two others ; but is retained in the Imperfect.
Thus, bi-wul, * to remove (inanimate objects) ' ; bia-yi, * he
removes * ; bozi, * he may remove ' ; bi-ayah, * remove ' ;
bi-wuh, *he was removing'; bot (from botlal), * he re-
moved ' ; bi-walaey, * removed.'
Glass XX, — The Infinitives of this class prefix the post-
position k'^hey, * in,' to another verb ; and lengthen the
penultimate * a ' to * a ' in the 2nd group of tenses. Thus,
k'iShe-nawul, * to cause to sit ' ; 1st. k'lihe-nawi, * he causes
to sit ' ; 2nd. k'^he-nawuh or k'she-nawo, * he was causing
to sit.'
Class XXI, — Perfectly regular in inflection. Thus,
satal, * to nourish ' ; 1st. sati, * he nourishes ' ; 2nd. satah,
* he was nourishing ' ; satalaey, * nourished.'
Class XXII, — The last radical letter is rejected in the
Ist group of tenses. Thus, n'g^ardal, * to swallow ; 1st.
n'ghari, * he swallows ' ; 2nd. n'ghardy * he was swallow-
ing ' ; n'ghardaey, * swallowed.'
Class XXIII, -^ A letter is added in the 1st group of
tenses. Thus, swal, *to bum'; 1st. swadzi, * he bums ' ;
2nd. su or sah, * he was burning ' ; sawaey, * burnt.'
Class XXIV. — The verb kawul, * to do,' represents this
class, and is exceedingly irregular. Thus, kawul, * to do ' ;
1st. kawi, * he does ' ; wu ki, * he may do ' ; kawah, * do ' ;
2nd. ka-wo or ka-wu, * he was doing ' ; wu kah, * he did ' ;
karaey, * done.'
Pabticiplbs.
The Present Particvple is formed by dropping the finfl.1
* -1 ' of the infinitive, and adding — 1st. * -nah ' for the mas-
Digitized by Google
38 PXJSHTO MANUAL.
CTiline, and * -na'li * for tlie feminine ; thus, z'ghastal, * to
run * ; z'ghastanah. * running.* 2nd. perceptible * h ' for
tlie masculine, and imperceptible *li*for the feminine;
thus, wulal *to wash'; wulah (masc), wula'h (fem.),
* washing.* 3rd. * h,* as before, and inserting * a * before the
last radical consonant ; thus, watal, * to come out ' ; watah
or wata*h, * coming out.' 4th. * h,' as before, and inserting
* a ' before the last radical letter but one ; thus, yastal, * to
draw forth* ; yastah or yasta'h, ' drawing forth* ; jar-yastal,
* to turn aside * ; jar-yastah, * turning aside.* 5th. * -un ' ;
thus, tayal, * to bind ' ; tayiin, ' binding * ; dakedal, * to
fill * ; dakedun, * filling.* (Most commonly intransitives
in *-edal' reject the whole of that termination; thus,
dakedal, * to fiU * ; dakiin, * filling ' ; gadedal, * to mix * ;
gadun, * mixing.') 6th. * a-un,' by inserting * a ' before the
last radical letter to which * iin ' is aflBlxed ; thus, matawul,
* to break * ; mata-iin (masc), mata-una'h (fem.), * break-
ing.'
All the aboye participles are capable of inflection ; those
of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th forms, endmg in imperceptible
' h,' like nouns of the 3rd Declension, 1st variety ; those
of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th forms, ending in perceptible ' h '
or short * a,* like nouns of the 6th Declension, 1st variety ;
those of the 1st, 5th, and 6th forms, ending in ' -iin,* like
nouns of the 9th Declension.*
The Perfect or Fast Particvph is formed — 1st. by the
addition of * -aey * to the infinitive for the masculine,
and of * -ey * for the feminine ; thus, k*^he-yastal, ' to
insert * ; k*^he-yastalaey, ' inserted.* 2nd. by the addition
of * -aey' as before, after rejecting the *-l' of the infini-
tive; thus, aghustal, *to dress*; aghustaey, * dressed.*
3rd. by irregular changes; thus, walayedal, *to stand';
walar, * standing ' ; pre- watal, * to fall ' ; pre- wot, * fallen * ;
nastal, ' to sit ' ; nast, ' seated.'
The Past Participle is also used as a past conjunctive
participle, as in Persian, an example of which is necessary ;
thus, ' da rukhsat salam mi karaey tri bida^h'wam,* * my
* "^ Digitized by Google ^
GRAMMAR. 89
partmg salutation having made, I bade them adieu ' (lit.
*from them adieu took place or happened*).
The Noun of Action is formed by dropping the * -1 * of
the infinitive, and adding * -unkaey ' or ' -unaey * for
the masculine, and * -unkey ' or * -uney ' for the feminine.'
The plural form of this participle is both masculine and
feminine, and is formed by changing the *-aey,' or * -ey,' of
the singular, to * i ' ; thus, I'wastal, * to read ' ; Twastunaey
or Twastunkaey, * a reader ' ; rwastuni, * readers.*
The Noun of Fitness is merely the infinitive in the geni-
tive case.
On thb Tbnsbs.
The Past, — The formation of the tenses is best under-
stood by starting from the Past tense, the 3rd person, the
masculine singular forms of which have been already shown
when speaking of the different classes of verbs, and from
which five other inflections are formed by the addition of
the affixed personal pronouns. It is only needful here to
add that the 3rd person masculine plural of both transitive
and intransitive verbs is generally the simple infinitive,
with * wu ' prefixed or not, according to the nature of the
verb. The 3rd person feminine plural is formed by
changing the *-a*h' of the singular into *-ey. * There
is another form of the 8rd person masculine plural
of this tense, which in writing may be mistaken for
the 3rd person masculine and feminine singular, and
in speaking is not easy to detect. It contains the sound
shorter thaii short * a,' mentioned at page 4 ; thus, wu
ghuledah, *he was deceived*; wu-ghuleda'h, * she was
deceived ' ; wu-ghuledseh, * they were deceived.* The
syllable *nah* or *na' is sometimes added to the 3rd
person singular and plural of this, as well as other
tenses, for the sake of euphony, and also as a respect-
ful form in religious works. In the case of verbs formed
by the junction of a preposition and a simple verb,
Digitized by Google
40 PXJSHTO MANUAL.
it is usual to insert tlie particle * wu * between tlie preposi-
tion and the verb ; thus, pre-watal, * to fall,' becomes pre-
wu-wot, *he fell.' In case of rejecting the *wu,' it is
simply * pre- wot.' Verbs which lengthen * a * to * a * in the
Past tense singular, reject the long vowel in the plural.
The Imperfect — This tense is formed by simply rejecting
the particle * wu * of the Past tense. When * wu * is not
used with the Past tense, then both Past and Imperfect
are identical in form. Intransitives derived from adjec*
tives, &c., have a regular Imperfect, although they have
no regular Past tense. Transitive verbs of the 3rd and
24th Classes, lengthen the short vowel ' a * preceding the
termination; thus, l^a^hawul, *to bury'; ^a^hawu or
^baiShawuh, * he was burying.* Another form of the Im-
perfect, implying continuity and habitude, is produced by
prefixing the particle * bah ' to the Past tense.
The Perfect — This is formed by adding the Present tense
of the auxiliary * to be * to the past participles of verbs,
already described. The participle must agree in gender
with the noun.
The Pluperfect — This is formed in the same manner as
the preceding, but with the addition of the Past tense
of the auxiliary * to be * instead of the Present tense.
The Bovbtful Past — This tense is formed by the addi-
tion of the Aorist of the auxiliary *to be' to the past
participle. Another form of this tense is produced by
adding the 2nd Future of the auxiliary * to be* to the
past participle.
The Past Conditional. — This is obtained by subjoining
the Imperfect or Conditional tense of the auxiliary * to be '
to the past participle.
The Present — The different ways of forming the Present
tense were shown when discussing the Classes of Verbs,
and need not be repeated.
Digitized by Google
aSAMMAB. 41
The Aorisb. — ^This tense is identical with tlie Present,
with the addition of the particle * wn,' but it is often re-
jected as redundant. Transitive verbs of the 5th, 9th,
10th, 16th, 17th, and 20th Classes, reject the particle * wu'
absolutely in the Aorist. Transitives of the 2nd Class,
require the Aorist of kawul or k'yal, * to do,' to complete
them.
First Ftdwre, — This tense is identical with the Aorist,
with the exception that it adds the particle * di ' to the
3rd person singular and plural, whether masculine or
feminine. When a personal pronoun is used with the 3rd
person of this tense, the * di * precedes the prefixed * wu ' ;
but when the personal pronoun is not used, the * wu*
precedes the * di.*
Second .FWwre.— This tense also is formed from the
Aorist, by the addition of the particle ' bah.' As in the
First Future, when a personal pronoun is used with this
tense, the * bah * precedes the * wu ' ; otherwise the * wu *
precedes the * bah.' A noim or adjective, or a pronoim and
noun, may intervene between the *bah' and the verb
in a sentence.
Imperative, — This is a repetition of the Aorist, with the
exception that it has no 1st person singular or plural,
and that it drops the affixed personal pronouns for the
2nd persons. It is not liable to change of termination
for gender.
The Passive Voice.
The Passive is very simple, and is formed by prefixing
the past participle to the auxiliaries sh'wal or kedal, ' to
be ' or * become,' just as in English.
Another mode of forming the Passive is by using the
3rd person singular and pliural of the Imperfect tense of
verbs with the auxiliaries for all three persons ; but this
form is not used for the compound tenses.
Digitized by Google
42 PXJSHTO MANUAL.
Pabadigms.
The foregoing explanation of the construction of the
verb will enable the following paradigms of the most
important and most irregular of the verbs in the language
to be fully understood.
Intransitive Verb.
Infinitive— ra,ghl2ily * to come.'
Present — *I come,' &c.
ra-dzajn. ra-dzu.
ra-dzey. ra-dga'ai.
ra-d^. ra-dgi.
Imperfect — * I was coming,' <fcc.
ra-t'lam or ra-t'lalam. ra-t'lii or ra-t'lalu.
ra-t'ley or ra-t'laley. ra-t'la'ai or ra-t'lala'al.
ra-ta or ra-tah (M.). ra-t'lal or ra-t'laeh (M.).
ra-t*la'h or ra-t'lala'h (F.). ra-t'ley, ra-t'Mey, rat'li, or
ra-t'lali (F.).
Continuative Imrperfect — *I used to come,* &c.
bah ra-ghlam or bah ra- bah ra-^lu or bah ra-
ghlalam. ghlalu.
bah ra-ghley or bah ra- bah ra-ghla'ai or bah ra-
^laley. ghlala'al.
bah ra-ghi (M.). bah ra-^lal or bah ra-ghkah
(M.).
bah ra-^la'h or bah ra- bah ra-ghley^ bah ra-
ghlala'h (F.). ghlaley, bah ra-^li, or
bah ra-^lali (F.).
d by Google
GBAMMAB. 43
Past — * I came/ &c.
ra^^lam or ra-ghlalam. ra-ghlu or ra-|^lalu.
ra-ghley or ra-ghlaley. ra-ghla'ai or ra-gMala'al.
ra-^i (M.). ra-^lal or ra-ghlseh (M.).
ra-ghla'h or ra-|^lala'h (P.) . ra-ghley , ra-ghlaley^ ra-ghliy
or ra-ghlali (P.).
Perfect — * I have come.'
Singular, Phiral,
Masc, Fern. Mase. a/nd Fern,
ra-^alaej yam. ra-^aley or ra-^^ali yam. ra-ghali yii.
ra-ghalaey yey. ra-ghaley or ra-ghali yey. ra-ghali ya'aa.
ra-^alaey dey. ra-ghaley or ra-^ali da'h. ra-ghali di.
Plwperfect — * I had come/ &c.
Singular.
Masc. Fern.
ra-^alaey wum. ra-ghaley or ra-ghali wum.
ra-ghalaey wey. ra-ghaley or ra-^ali wey.
ra-^alaey wiii. ra-ghaley or ra-ghali wa*h.
Plural.
ra-ghali wu
ra-ghali wa'al.
ra-ghali wii (M.).
ra-ghali wey (P.).
let Future — * I should come/ <fcc.
ra-sham. ra-shu.
ra-shey. ra-sha'ai.
ha^ah di ra-shi or ra di haghah di ra-shi or ra di
shi. shi.
Digitized by Google
Hi PXJSHTO MAIHTAL.
2nd Fidure-^* I will come/ &c.
zah bah ra-sham. mujz or mungali bah ra-shu.
tah bah ra-shey. tasii bah ra-sha'al.
hagiah bah ra-shi. ha^ah bah ra-shi.
Throughout the above tense the personal pronouns may
be omitted, and then the prefix * ra ' may optionally
precede the particle * bah.*
Aorist — * I may, shall, etc. come,' &c.
ra-sham. ra-shu.
ra-shey. ra-sha'ai.
ra-shi. ra-shi.
Dovhtful Past — * I may have come,' &c.
Singular,
Masc. Fern.
ra-ghalaey bah yam. ra-ghaley bah yam.
ra-|^alaey bah yey. ra-^aley bah yey.
ra-ghalaey bah wi. ra-ghaley bah wi.
Plural, — Masc, and Fern,
ra-^ali bah yu.
ra-g^ali bah ya'al.
ra-ghali bah wi.
Past Conditional — * If I had come,' Ac.
kih ra-t']am or ra-t'lalam. kih ra-t'lii or ra-t'lalu.
kih ra-t'ley or ra-t'laley. kih ra-t'la'ai or ra-t'lala'al.
kih ra-ta or ra-tah (M.). kih ra-t'lal or ra-t'lseh (M.).
kih ra-t'la'h or ra-t'lala'h Mh ra-t'ley, ra-t'laley, ra-t'U,
(P.). or ra-t'laU (P.).
Digitized by Google
OSAMMAB. 45
Imj^ra/tive.
ra-shah, ra-sha, ra-dzah, or ra-sha'su or ra-dga'{u, * come
ra-dza, * come thou/ you.*
ra di shi, ra di dzi, haghah
di ra-shi, or hagliah di
ra-d^, *let him, her, it,
Potential Mood.
(This is really the Passive form of intransitive verbs.)
Freaent — * I can come/ &c.
Singular. Plural.
Masc, Fern, Masc. and Fern,
ra-t'laey sham. ra-t'ley sham. ra-t'li shu.
ra-t'laey shey. ra-t'ley shey. ra-t'li sha'ai.
ra-t'laey shi. ra-t'ley shi. ra-t*li shi.
Fast — * I could come,' &c.
Singular, Fhiral.
Masc. Fern.
ra-t'laey sh'wam. ra-t'ley sh'wam. ra-t'li sh'wu.
ra-t'laey sh'wey. ra-t'ley sh'wey. ra-t'li sh'wa'ai.
ra-t'laey shah. ra-t'ley sh'wa'h. ra-t'li shu or sh'wal
(M.).
ra-t'li sh'wey (P.).
Future — * I will come,' &c.
zah bah ra-t'laey sham. mujz or mungah bah ra-t'H
tah bah ra-t'laey shey. shu.
haghah bah ra-t'laey shi. tasu bah ra-t'li sha'ai.
haghah bah ra-t'li shi.
d by Google
46 PXJSHTO MAKUAL.
In the Singular form of the Feminine the pajrticiple is
required as in other compound tenses; and throughout
Singular and Plural the particle 'bah' may optionallj
follow, instead of precede the participle in botii genders.
Agent,
ra-t'lunkaey or ra-t*lunaey ra-t*lunld or ra-t'luni (M. &
(M.), ra-t'lunkaey, ra- P.)> * ^^ comers.'
t'luney, ra-t'lunki, or ra-
t'luni (P.), ' the comer.*
Past Particvple,
Singular, ra|^laey (M.), raj^aley or raghali ( P.) ;
Phiralf ra-ghali (M. and P.), * come.'
Noun of Fitness,
da ra-t'lo or da ra-t'lu, da ra-t'lal or da ra-t'lalu, * of or
for coming.'
Intransitive Verb.
Infinitive — ^t'lal, ' to go.'
Present — ^ I go,' Ac.
dzam. dzu.
dzey. dza'al.
dzi. dzi.
Imperfect — * I was going,' Ac.
flam or t'Mam. t'lii or t'lalu.
t'ley or t'laley. t'la'aa or t'lala'aa.
tah or ta (M.). t'lal or t'lseh (M.).
t'la'h or t'lala'h (P.). t'ley, t'laley, t'li, or t'laU
(P.).
Digitized by Google
OBAMMAB. 47
Continuative Imperfect — * I used to go,* &c.
bah lafam. bah laru.
bah larey. bah lara'al.
bah lar (M.). bah laral or bah la^seh (M.).
bah lara'h, bah la^a, bah bah larej, bah la^r^ej, bah
larala'h, or bah larala(F.). layi, or bah la^rali (P.).
Throughout the above tense, with such verbs as take
the particle * wu,' it may optionally be inserted after *bah.'
Past — * I went,' Ac.
laram or la^ralam. laru or laralii.
larey or layaley. lara'ai or larala'ai.
lar (M.). laral or larseh (M.).
lara'h, larala'h, or la|*ala larey, laraley, or lari (P.),
(F.).
Throughout this tense the particle * wu ' may optionally
be prefixed.
Perfect — * I have gone,' &c.
Singular,
MoBc, Fern,
talaey or t'lalaey yam. taley or t'laley yam.
talaey or t'lalaey yey. taley or t'laley yey.
talaey or t'lalaey daey. taley or t'laley da'h.
Phirah
Maac, and Fern,
tali or t'laU yu.
tali or t'lali ya'ai.
tali or t'lali di.
d by Google
48 PXJSHTO MANUAL.
Plwperfect — * I had gone,* &c.
Singular.
Masc. Fern,
talaey or t'lalaey wum. taley or t'laley wum.
talaey or t'lalaey wey. taley or t'laley wey.
talaey or t'lalaey wuh. taley or t'laley wa'h.
Phiral,
tali or t'lali wu.
tali or t'lali wa'ai.
tali or t'lali wu (M.).
taK or t'laU wey (P.)-
let Future — * I should go/ &c.
lair sham. lar shii.
laf shey. lar sha'al.
haghah di lar slu or laf di haghah di laf shi or lar di
shi. shi.
2tM;? Future — * I will go,' &c.
zah bah lar sham. mujz or mungah bah lar shu.
tah bah laf shey. tasu bah lar sha'ai.
ha g hah bah lar shi. haghah bah lai* shi.
Throughout this tense the particle * bah ' may optionally
follow 'lay,' instead of precede it, when the aflElxed personal
pronouns are not used. See also 2nd Future Tense, p. 44.
Aorist — * I may, shall, etc. go,* &c.
lar sham. la^r shu.
lar shey. laf sha'al.
lar shi. laf shi.
Digitized by Google
QBAMMAB. 49
Doubtful Fast — * I may have gone,' &c.
Maac, Fern,
t'lalaey t'laley bah yam. t'lali bah yu.
t'lalaey t'laley bah yey. t'lali bah ya'ai.
t'lalaey t'laley bah wi. t'lali bah wi.
The other form of the past participle * talaey ' may be
used as an alternative masculine form, both singular and
plural, and its feminine form for the feminine.
Fast Conditional — * Had I gone,' &c.
kih flam or t'lalam. kih t'lu or t'lalu.
kih t'ley or t'laley. kih t'la'ai or t'lala'ai.
kih tah or ta (M.). kih t'lal or t'lceh (M.).
kih t'la'h or t'lala'h (F.). kih t'ley or t'laley (F.).
Irwperative.
lar shah, wu lar shah, war lar sha'ai, wu lar sha'ai, war
shah, or dgah, * go thou.' sha'ai, or dza'al, * go you.'
haghah di lar shi, or lay di shi, haghah di dzi or c[zi di,
* let him, her, it go,' * let them go.'
Potential Mood.
This conforms in all respects to the Potential of
ra-|^lal, * to come ' ; the participles throughout each tense
being, of course, for the singular masc. t'lalaey, fem.
t'laley, and for the plural of l^oth genders, t'lali.
Agent,
t'liinkaey or t'liinaey (M.), t'liinki or t'luni (M. & F.),
t'liinkey, t'liiney, t'liinki, * the goers.'
or t'liini (F.), * the goer.'
Digitized by VjOOQto
50 PXJSHTO KAirUAL.
- Past PaHicijple.
Singular, t'laJaey or talaey (M.) ; t'laley or t'lali, or taley
or tali (F.) ; Phiral, t'lali or tali (M. «fc F.), * gone.'
Noun of Fitness.
da t'lalo, da t'lo, da t'lalu, or da t'lu, * of or for going.'
Irregular Intransitive Verb, in which the particle * wu ' is
used.
Infinitive — ^^atal,
' to ascend.'
Present — * I ascend,' Ac.
ttejzam.*
Mbejzey.
ttejzi.
^ejzu.
ttejza'ai.
^ejzi.
Imperfect — * I was ascending.'
khatam or khatalam. khatii or ^atalii.
^atej or ^atalej. ^ata'ai or ^atala'ai.
ttot (M.). ttatal or ^atseh (M.).
^ata'h or ^atala'h (F.). ^atey, ^ataley, ^ati, or
ttataH (F.).
Continuative Imperfect — * I used to ascend,' &c.
Identical with the Imperfect, with the particles * bah *
and * wu ' prefixed to each Person.
Past — * I ascended,' Ac.
Identical with the Imperfect, with the particle * wu *
only prefixed to each Person.
* In the conjugation of this verb the Eastern Af|^ans
would replace the letter ^ jz ' by * j ' ; thus, iiejam for
^ejzam.
Digitized by Google
GSAMMAB. 51
Perfect — ^ I have ascended,' Ac.
Singular, Plural,
Masc, Fern. Masc, cmd Fern,
Uatalaejr yam. U^taley yam. ^ataU yu
U^atalaey jej. U^ataley jej, ^atali ya'ai.
Uatalaey daey. ]^ataley da'h. Uiatali di.
Pluperfect — * I had ascended,' Ac.
Singular, Plural,
Masc, Fern.
l^talaey wum. ^ataley wmn. U^atal! wu.
khatalaey wey. ^ataley wey. ^atali wa'al.
Uatalaey wuh. ^ataley wa'h. ^atall wu (M.).
ttatali wey (F.).
\8t Future — * I should ascend,' <fcc.
wu ^ejzam. wu ^eizu.
wu ttejzey. wu ^ejza'ai.
haghah di wu ^ejzi or wu haghah di wu Uiejzi or wu
di lAejzi. di ^ejzi.
2nd Future — * I will ascend,' <fcc.
zah bah wu ^ejzam or wu mujz or mungah bah wu
bah ^ejzam. ^ejzu or wu bah ^ejzu.
tah bah wu ^ejzey or wu tasu bah wu Ubejza'tu or wu
bah ^ejzey. bah ^ejza'ai.
ha^iah bah wu ]^ejzi or haghah bah wu ]^ejzl or wu
wu bah ^ejzi. bah ^ejzi.
Aorist — * I may, shall ascend,' Ac.
Go^lf
wu U^ejzam.
wu Kbejzii.
wu ]^ejzey.
wu ttejza'ai.
wu liejzi.
wu ^e'zi.
Digitized by
52 PXTSHTO MANUAL.
Doubtfid Past — * I may have ascended,' &c.
Masc. Masc. and Fern,
U^atalaey bah jam. ^atali bah yu.
Miatalaej bah jej. ^atali bah ja'tu.
^atalaey bah wi. l^atali bah wi.
In the feminine singular the feminine form of the
participle Uataley is used.
Past Conditionalr-^^ had I ascended/ &c.
kih Vhftta.m or kih ^atal- Irih ^atu or kih j^atalu.
am.
kih ^atey or kih ^lataley. kih ^ata'al or kih ^atal-
a'ai.
kih Uot (M.). kih ^atal or kih ^atseh
(M.).
kih ^ata'h or kih ^atala*h kih ^atey or ^ataley (F.).
(F.).
Impera/tive.
wu ^ejzah or ^ejzah, wu ^ejza'al * ascend you.'
* ascend thou.'
haghah di wu Uiejzi or wu di ]^ejzl, * let him, her, it,
ascend,' ' let them ascend.'
Potential Mood.
This conforms in all respects to the Potential of racial,
* to come,' the masculine and feminine forms of the parti-
ciples, of course, being used.
Agent
ttatunkaey or ^atunaey ^atunld or ^atuni (M. and
(M.), ^atunkey or ^at- P.), * the ascenders.'
uney (P.), * the ascender.'
Digitized by Google
OBAMMAB. 58
Past Participle,
Singular, ^atalaey (M.), ^ataley (F.) ; Plural, l^atali
(M. & F.), ' gone;
Noun of Fitness.
da l^atalo, da ^atalii, da ^ato, or da ^atu, ' of or for
going.'
The following is the conjugation of the Imperfect
Transitive verb hawul, * to do/ ' to make,' or * perform,*
which is chiefly used as an auxiliary in forming the inflec-
tions of other verbs. The compound tenses are wanting.
Infinitive — ^kawul, * to do.'
Present
kawum, * I do.' kawu, * we do.*
kawey, * thou doest.' kawa'ai, ' you do.'
kawi, ka, or kandi, * he, she, kawi, ka, or kandi, * they
or it does.' do.'
Irifyperfect,
Transitive verbs in any past tense of the active voice
rwast agree with the noun in gender and number, and
whether it be in an oblique case or not. The imperfect
tense is treated as a past tense in Pu^hto ; and as this
tense will serve as a model for the others, it will be well
to study it. The first pronouns are the inflected personal ;
the others those mentioned at page 21.
Digitized by Google
54 PU8HTO MANUAL.
1st Form. — The goyeming noun being masc. singular.
ma or mi kawuh, ka, kah, or ka, I was doing,
ta or di kawuh, ka, kah, or ka, Thou wast doing,
ha^ah (M.) ) jej, or yah kawuh, ka, C He or it was doing,
highih (F.) ) kah, or ka, ( She was doing,
miijz or mu kawuh, ka, kah, or ki, We were doing,
tasu or mo kawuh, ka, kah, or ki. You were doing.
hughOy yey, or yah kawuh, ka, kah, or They were doing,
ki.
2nd. — The governing noun masculine plural.
ma or mi kawul, I was doing,
ta or di kawul. Thou wast doing,
haghah (M.) \ , . , C He or it was doing.
hi^ih(F.) j yey, or yan kawul, | she wa* doing.
mujz or mu kawul. We were doing,
tasu or mo kawul. You were doing,
hu^o, jQj^ or yah kawul. They were doing.
3rd. — The governing noun feminine singular.
ma or mi kawula'h, I was doing.
ta or di kawula'h. Thou wast doing.
mujz or mu kawula'h, We were doing,
tasu or mo kawula'h. You were doing.
hughOy yey, or yah kawula'h. They were doing.
4th. — ^The governing noun feminine plural.
ma or mi kawuley or kawuli, I was doing,
ta or di kawuley or kawuli. Thou wast doing,
ha^ah (M.) 7 yey, or yah kawuley C He or it was doing,
highih (F.) ) or kawuli, \ She was doing,
mujz or mu kawuley or kawuli, We were doing,
tasu or mo kawuley or kawuli. You were doing,
hughoy yey, or yah kawuley or kawuli, They were doing.
Digitized by Google
a&AMMAB. 55
ConUnucUive Imperfect — * I used to do,' &c.
This tense is identical with the Imperfect, with the addi-
tion of 'bah' or 'bah wu,' which, when the inflected
personal pronouns are used, come between them and the
Terb. T^en the other form of pronouns is used, the
' bah ' or ' bah wu ' precede the pronouns.
Pad.
This tense also is identical with the Imperfect, except
that it takes ' wu ' after the pronoun if the inflected per-
sonal are used ; and ' wu ' before the pronoun with the
other form of pronouns. The particle 'wu' is sometimes
omitted in both cases.
Ist Future — * I should do,' Ac.
wu kam or wu kawum. wu ku or wu kawu.
wu key or wu kawey. wu ka'ai or wu kawa'al.
ha^j^tiah di wu ki or di wu hag^ah di wu H or wu kawi.
kawi.
Altematiye forms of the 3rd person are ' di wu kandi,'
* di wu ka,' * wu di M,' ' wu di kandi,' or ' wu di ka.'
2nd Future — ^'T will do,' &c.
zah bah wu kam or wu ka- mnjz bah wu kii or wu
wum. kawu.
tah bah wu key or wu ka- tasii bah wu ka'ai or wu
wey. kawa'al.
haghah bah wu Id or wu hag^ah bah wu ki or wu
kawi. kawi.
Alternative forms for the 3rd person are ' bah wu kandi '
or 'bah wu ka.' The personal pronoun can, also, be
omitted throughout, in which case the particles 'bah wu '
are transposed ; thus, 'wu bah kam,' &c.
d by Google
56 PUSHTO MANUAL.
Aoriat — * I may or shall do,' &c.
wu kam or wu kawum. wu ku or wu kawu.
wu key or wu kawey. wu ka'ai or wu kawa'ai.
wu ki, wu kawi, wu kandi, wu ki, wu kawi, wu kandi,
or wu ka. or wu ka.
Inoperative.
kah, wu kah, kawah, or wu ka'aa, wu ka'al, wu kam'aly
kawah, * do thou.' kawa'ai, or wu kawa'ai,
haghah di wu Id, di wu kawi, * do you.*
di wu kandi, di wu ka, or
wu di Id, wu di kandi, wu
di ka, *let him, her, it,
do,* * let them do.'
Agent
Singular, kawunkaey or kawunaey (M.), kawunkey or ka-
wuney (P.) ; Plural, kawunld or kawuni (M. and P.).
Noun of Fitness*
da kawulo, ka kawulu, da kawo, or da kawu, * of or for
doing.'
Infinitive — k'ral, * to do.'
Present — * I do,' Ac.
k'ram.
k'ru.
k'xej.
k-ra'ai
k'ri.
k'ri.
d by Google
ORAMMAB. 57
Imperfect
1st Form. — ^The goveming noun masculine singular,
ma or mi ka^,* I was doing,
ta or di kar, Thou wast doing,
ha^^bah (M.) ) ^^^ ^^ ^^, -.^^ ( He or it was doing,
hi^ (F.) 5 y^y ' ^^ y^ ^^' 1 She was doing,
mujz or mu kap , We were doing,
tasu or mo kar, You were doing.
hughOy yey, or yah kay, They were doing.
2nd. — ^The governing noun masculine plural,
ma or mi k*^, I was doing,
ta or di k'yal, Thou wast doing.
mujz or mu k'ral, We were doing,
tasu or mo k'ral, You were doing,
hughoy yey, or yah k'yal, They were doing.
3rd. — ^The goveming noun feminine singular,
ma or mi k'ra'h or k'^rala'h, I was doing,
ta or di k'ya'h or k'yala'h, Thou wast doing.
haghah (M.) ") yey, or yah k'pa'h or C He or it was doing,
hi^^dh (P.) J k'rala'h, ( She was doing,
mujz or mu k'ya'h or k'pala'h, We were doing,
tasu or mo k'pa'h or k'pala'h, You were doing.
hughOf yey, or yah k'ya'h or k'yala'h. They were doing.
4th. — ^The goveming noun feminine plural.
ma or mi k'yey or k'raley, I was doing,
ta or di k'yey or k'raley, Thou wast doing.
haghah (M.) ) yey, or yah Fp ey or ( He or it was doing,
hij^ih (F.) 3 k'raley, ( She was doing,
mujz or mu k'pey or k'lraley, We were doing,
tasu or mo k'rey or k'raley. You were doing.
hu|j^o, yey, or yah k'rey or k'raley. They were doing.
* See the Imperfect of kawul, p. 63.
Digitized by Google
68 PXTSHTO MAIHTAL.
Continuative Invperfect — ^ I used to do/ Ac.
This tense follows precisely the analogy of the same
tense in the verb ' kawul/ in both its forms. •
Pa«^-*Idid,'&c.
This tense is identical with the Imperfect just described,
with the addition of *wu* after the pronoun if the in-
flected personal pronouns are used, and with the 'wu*
hefore the pronouns if the other form is used. The * wu '
is sometimes omitted.
Perfect
1st Form. — For a noun masculine singular with both
forms of pronouns.
ma, ta, haghah (M.) highih (F.), or mi, di, yey, or yah
kayaey daey, * I, thou, he, it, she, has done.'
mujz, tasu, or hughOy or mu, mo, hughOy yey, or yah karaey
daey (F.), * we, you, they, have done.'
For a feminine noun in the singular number the only
difference in the conjugation is that ka^ey, the feminine
form of the past participle, is used in lieu of the mas-
culine. '
2nd Form. — For a noun masculine and feminine plural.
ma, ta, haghah (M.) highih (F.), or ml, di, yey, or yah kap
di, * I thou, he, it, she, has done.'
mujz, tasu, or hugho^ or mu, mo, hughoy yey, or yah
kari di, * we, you, they, have done.'
Phvperfect.
This is identical in every way with the Perfect, except
in the auxiliary verb.
Digitized by Google
59
let Fuihire — * I should do,' Ac.
wu Vram. wu k'yu.
wu k'pey. wu k'ya'ai.
ha^^bah di wa k'^ or wu di haghah di wu k^^ri or wu di
k'ri. k'ri.
2nd Fidur&—' I will do,' &c.
zah bah wu k'ram. mujz bah wu k'^u.
tah bah wu k'p ey. tasu bah wu k'ya'ai.
hai^hah bah wu k'p. haghah bah wu k'p.
The pronoun can be optionally omitted throughout this
tense, in which case the particle ' wu' precedes ' bah.'
Doubtful Past.
1st Form — For a noun masculine singular.
ma, ta, haghah (M.), hi^ih (F.) bah kayaey wi, or bah
mi, di, yey, or yaJi kaf aey wi, * I thou, he, it, she, may
have done.'
miijz, tasii, hugho bah karaey wi, or bah mu, mo, hugho,
yey, or yah karaey wi, * we, you, they, may have done.'
For a noun feminine singular the only difference in the
conjugation is that ka^ey, the feminine form of the past
participle, is used, instead of the masculine.
2nd Form. — ^For a noun masculine or feminine plural,
ma, ta, haghah (M.), hi^ih (F.) bah kayi wi, or bah mu,
mo, hughOy yey, or yah kari wi, * we, you, they, may have
done.'
Past ConditionaL
1st Form. — ^For a noun masctiline singxdar.
kih ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.) karaey wey or wae,
or kih mi, di, jej, or yah ka^raey wae or wae, * if I, etc.,
had done.'
Digitized by Google
60 PUSHTO MANUAL.
kih mujz, tasu, hugho, karaey wae or wae, or kih mu, mo,
hughoy yey, or yah kayaey wae or wae, ' if we, etc., had
done.'
For a noun feminine smgnlar all that is necessary is to
use kapey, the feminine form of the past participle.
2nd Form. — For a noun masculine or femiuine plural.
Mh ma, ta, haghah (M.), hi^ih (F.) ka^ wae or wae, or
kih mi, di, yey, or yah kari wae or wae, * if we, etc., had
done.*
kih mujz, tasu, hughOy kari wae or wae, or kih mu, mo,
hu^o, yey, or yah kari wae or wae, *if we, etc., had
done.'
wu k'rah or k'yah, * do wu k'pa'ai or k'ya'ai, *do
thou.' you.'
haghah di wu k'p or wu di
k'yi, * let him, her, it, do,'
* let them do.'
Singular^ k'pinkaey or k'yunaey (M.), k'runkey or k'yuney
(F.), * the doer ' ; Plural, k'runld or k'runi (M. and F.),
*the doers.'
Noun of Fitness.
da k'yalo, da k'yalu, da k'ro, or da k'pi, * of or for doing/
Digitized by Google
OBAMMAJt. 61
Passive Voice.
The construction of the Passive is so simple that it
will be necessary only to give the third person singular of
each tense.*
Present — ^karaej shi (M.), karey shey (F.).
Imperfect. — ^karaey shah (M.), karey sh'wa'h or kayey
sh'wala'h(F.).
Continuative Imperfect, — ^bah wu ka^raey shah (M.), bah
wu karey sh'wa'h or sh'wala'h (P.).
Fast. — ^wu kayaey shah (M.), wu kapey sh'wa'h or sh'wa-
la'h (P.).
Perfect, — ^karaey shawaey daey (M.), kapey shawey da'h
(P.).
Pluperfect, — kayaey shawaey wuh (M.), karey shawey
wa'h (P.).
let Future, — haghah di wu karaey shi or wu di karaey shi
(M.) ; hai^ah di wu karey shi or wu di karey shi (P.).
2nd Future, — haghah bah wu kayaey shi or wu karaey bah
shi (M.) ; haghah bah wu karey shi or wu karey bah
sH (F.).
Aorist, — ^wu karaey shi (M.), wu karey shi (P.).
Doubtful Past, — ^karaey shawaey bah wi (M.),kayey shawey
bah wi (P.).
Past Conditional, — kih ha^ah karaey shawaey wae or wae
(M.) ; kih haghah karey shawey wae or wae (P.).
Imperative, — haghah di wu ka^raey shi or wu di karaey
slu (M.) ; ha^ah di wu karey shi or wu di karey shi
(P.).
* See the conjugation of the auxiliary s'hwal (page 27),
and mode of formation (page 41).
Digitized by Google
62 PU8HTO MANUAL.
Past Participle, — ^karaey shawaey (M.), kayey shawey (F.) ;
kap shawi (plural).
Conjugation of a derivative transitive verb, formed
from an adjective, which requires the verb *k'yal* or
* kawul ' in forming its different inflections.
Infmitive — t^kawul, * to fill.'
Present—' I fill,' &c.
dakawam. dakawu.
dakawey. 4akawa'al.
dakawi. 4a>kawi.
Past.
1st Form. — Gk)verning noun masculine singular.
ma, ta, ha^ah (M.), highih (P.), or mi, di, yey, or yah
dak kar, * I, thou, he, it, she, fdled.'
mujz, tasu, hugho. or mu, mo, hugho. yey, or yah ^ak kay,
* we, you, they, filled.'
2nd Form. — Governing noun masculine plural.
ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.), or mi, di, jej, or yah dak
k'yal, *I, thou, he, it, she, filled.'
mujz, tasu, hughoy or mu, mo, hu|^o, yey, or yah dak
k'ral, * we, you, they, filled.'
3rd Form. — Governing noun feminine singular. *
ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.), or mi, di, yey, or yah
daka'h k'ra'h or k'rala'h, * I, thou, he, it, she, filled.'
miijz, tasu, hughoy or mu, mo, hugho. jej, or yah da^'h
k'ra'h or k'rala'h, * we, you, they, filled.'
Digitized by Google
OBAMMAK. 63
4th Form. — Gk)yermiig noun feminine plural.
ma, ta, lia|^^£^ C^0» lu^^ih (F.), or mi, di, yej, or yah
dakej k'pey or k'yaley, * I, thou, he, it, she, filled.'
mujz, tasu, hughoj or mu, mo, hnghoy jey, or yah dal^ey
k'rey or k'yaJey, * we, you, they, filled.'
Aoriat — * I fill or may fill,' &c.
dak k'fam. 4ak k'fu.
dak k'yey. 4^ k'ya'ai.
^ak k'fi. 4&k k'^i.
For the feminine ' 4&k' becomes ' 4&ka'h ' in the singu-
lar, and * dakey ' in the plural.
Imperative.
tah dak k'pah (M.), tah tasii 4^ k'^a'al (M.), tasu
daka'h k'ya'h (F.), 'fill 4akey k'ra'ai (F.), *fill
thou.' you.'
hai^ah di dak Fri or 4ak di haghah di dak k'^ or dak
k'p(M.),hag^^di daka'h di k'^ (M.), haghah di
k'ri or daka'h di k'yi (F.), dakey k'p or 4akey di k'ri
* let him, her, it, fill.' (F.), ' let them fill.'
Agent
Singular, dakawunkaey or dakawunaey (M.), ^akawiinkey
or dakawuney (F.), * the filler ; Plural, 4&kawimH or
4akawuni (M. and F.), * the fillers.'
Past Participle.
Singular, 4ak karaey (M.), 4ak ka^ey (F.) ; Plural, 4ak
kari(M. andF.), 'fiUed.'
Digitized by Google
64 pushto manual.
Causal Yebb Eegulab.
Infinitive — al-wuzawul, * to cause to fly.'
Present — * I cause to fly,' &c.
al-wuzawam. al-wuzawu.
al-wuzawaey. al-wuzawa'al.
al-wuzawi. al-wuzawi.
Past
1st Form. — Qovemmg noun masculine singular.
ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.), or mi, di, yey, or yah
wal-wuzawuh, * I, thou, he, it, she, caused to fly.'
mujz, tasu, hugho, or mii, mo, hugho. yey or yah wal-
wuzawuh, * we, you, they, caused to fly.'
2nd Form. — Governing noun masculine plural.
ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.), or mi, di, yey or yah
wal-wuzawul, * I, thou, he, it, she, caused to fly.*
mujz, tasu, hughOy or mu, mo, hugho, jej or yah wal-
wuzawul, * we, you, they, caused to fly.'
3rd Form. — Governing noun feminine singular.
ma, ta, haghah (M.), hi g hih (F.), or mi, di, yey, or yah
wal-wuzawula'h, * I, thou, he, it, she, caused to fly.'
mujz, tasii, hughOy or mu, mo, hugho,, or jej or yah wal-
wuzawula'h, * we, you, they, caused to fly.'
4th Form. — Governing noun feminine plural.
ma, ta, hsighfih (M.), highih (F.), or mi, di, yev or yah
wal-wuzawuley, * I, thou, he, it, she, caused to fly.'
mujz, tasu, hughOy or mu, mo, hugho. or jej or yah wal-
. wuzawuley, * we, you, they, caused to fly.'
Digitized by Google
GAAMMAB, 65
Aorist — * I may cause to fly,' Ac.
wal-wuzawam. wal-wuzawu.
wal-wuzawey. wal-wuzaw'al.
wal-wuzawi. wal-wuzawi.
Imperative.
wal-wTizawah or al-wuzawah, wal-wuzaw'ai or al-wuzaw'ai,
* do thou cause to fly.' ' do you cause to fly.'
haghah di wal-wuzawi or wa
di I'wuzawi, * let liim, etc.
cause to fly,* *let them
cause to fly.*
Agent
Singular^ al-wuzawunkaey or al-wuzawunaey (M.), al-
wuzawunkey or aUwuzawuney (F.), * the causer to fly ' ;
Plural, al-wuzawunld or al-wuzawuni (M. and F.), * the
causers to fly.'
Past Participle.
Singular, al-wuzawulaey (M.), al-wuzawuley (F.) ; Plural,
al-wuzawuli (M. and F.), * caused to fly.'
Negation and Prohibition.
Negation and prohibition are expressed by the particles
*iiah' and * mah,' the position of which, however, depends
upon the kind of infinitives with which they are used.
The particle ' mah ' is alone used with the 2nd persons
of the Imperative, and it invariably precedes the inflection
of the verb with which it is used, whatever its description.
Digitized by G00gle5
66 PXTSHTO MAJnrAL.
InfinitiYes, such as pre-watal, ^to fall,' which have a
prefixed particle, place the ^ nah ' after the latter both in
the past and present tenses.
pre-watal, * to fell.'
Past — ^pre nah wot, * he or it did not fall.'
Aoriet — haghah pre nah wuzi or pre nah wuzi, * he, she,
it, may not fall.'
Imperative. — ^mah pre-wazah, * do not thou fall.'
Eegular verbs, whether transitive or intransitive, take
the * nah ' after the prefix * wu.'
z'gbaledal, * to run.'
Past, — ^wu nah z'ghaledah, * he or it did i;iot run.'
Aorist — ^hag^h wu nah z'l^ali, * he, she, it, may not run.'
Imperative. — mah z'ghalahy * do not thou run.'
ra-w'yal, * to bring.'
Past. — ^hag^ah ra nah war or jej ra nah way, * he or it did
not bring.'
Aoriet. — ^haghah ra nah w'ri, * he, she, it, may not bring.'
Imperative. — mah ra-w'yah, * do not thou bring.'
When the negative is used with verbs similar to * 4&ka-
wul,' the * nah ' follows the adjective or noun, and precedes
the auxiliary ; thus,
4akawul, * to fill.'
Past. — ^hai^h 4ak nah kar, or jej dUkk nah kar, * he or it
did not fiU.'
Aorist. — haghah 4ak nah k'fi, * he or it may not fill.'
Imperative. — ^mah 4akawah, ^ do not thou fill.'
Digitized by Google
a&imcut. 67
In the Passiye the ^ nah ' precedes the auxiliarj ; thus,
wish-tal, * to throw.'
Past. — haghah wish-talaej nah shah or hajj^^ah nah shah
wish-talaey, * he or it was not thrown/
Aorist — haghah wish-talaey nah shi or haghah nah shi
wish-talaey, * he or it may not be thrown.'
Imperative. — ^wish-talaey mah shah or mah shah wish-
talaey, * do not thou be thrown.'
ADVEEBS.
The Adverbs are for the most part indeclinable; but
some are subject to the usual change for the ablative case,
and a few (derived from nouns and adjectives) are liable
to the same change for gender, number, and case as the
nouns they may qualify. Thus, der, *much,* makes in
feminine singular, dera'hj; in feminine plural and oblique
cases singular, derey or 4eri ; in plural oblique cases, both
genders, dero.
Adverbs of Place,
here, hither — dal-tah, dali, before, in front, hitherto—
or his-tah. w'yandi or w'yandey.
there, thither — haltah or behind, after — w'rustah or
haltah Id. w'rusto.
there, thither — ^huri or huri- hither, this side — daghah or
tah. dey j^wa.
hence, from this place — ^lah thither, that side — haghah
da£^ah, or lah dey dza'ea ^wa.
or d^a'eah. beyond, there, on that side
thence, from that place — ^lah — ^hag^ah ^wa or haghah
ha^ah dza'ea or dza'eah. palau.
Digitized by VjOC]^1^
68
PTJSHTO MANUAL.
side by side — ^wa pah
ttT9a.
on botli sides — dwarah
j^wa.
elsewhere — ^bsel char-tah or
bsBl dza'e.
here and there — daltah hal-
tah.
here, on this side — dey ^wa,
dey palau.
above, overhead — ^portah or
I'warah.
under, below, ^h'katah or
jzawar.
so far, to tliis degree — tar
daghah or tar dey pori
or pori.
so far, to that degree — tar
haghah pori or pori.
somewhere — chartah
everywhere — ^har chartah,
har yow dza'e.
nowhere — ^hichartah.
near, about — najzdey or
najzdi.
somewhere or other — ^yow
dza'e, yow chartah.
where, wherever — ^har char-
tah.
within, inside — danana, da-
nanah.
above and below — landi
bandi.
upside down — ^naskorah.
far, at a distance — ^liri, lah
w'rayah.
round-about — chape^^.
Adverbs of Time,
now, presently — aos.
ever, sometime — kalah.
sometimes, frequently, occa-
sionally — kalah kaJah.
never — hits kalah.
always — ^har kalah.
whenever — har kalah chih.
sometime or other — kalah
nah kalah.
4aily — hara'h rwadz or
wradz.
nightly — hara'h shpa'h.
perpetually — war pah war,
dam pah dam.
instantaneously — zar pah
zar.
gradually — paya'h pah pa-
ya'h.
successively — palah pasey.
before, prior — ^pah ^wa.
after, afterwards — pas.
to-day — ^nan or nan wradz,
or rwadz.
to-morrow — ^aba.
two days since — wa^ama'h
wradz or rwadz.
three days since — ^la wara-
ma'h wradz or rwadz.
four days since — la la wa^ra-
nia*h wradz or rwadz.
at the dawn (of day) — sahr
gah.
Digitized by Google
GBAMMAS.
69
ever — hargiz, hits kalah.
long since, long ago — ^lar-
l^unaey.
last night — barayah, barajri
shpa'h, begana'i shpa'h.
as often, every time — har
dzalah.
once, at last — ^barey, a^bir.
often, repeatedly — ^tso war,
teo dzalah.
repeatedly, often, frequently
— ^war pah war.
once — ^yow dzalah, yowa*h
pla.
twice — dwah ^alah, dwey
pla.
thrice — dre dzalah, dre pla.
instantly, quickly, without
delay — turt, sam lah
quickly, speedily — zar zar,
marah mar.
shortly, soon — ^najzdey or
najzdi.
imawares, suddenly — ^naga-
han, na-tsapah.
all at once, suddenly — ^yak
la^tah.
first, in the first place —
runbaey or w'runbaey.
secondly — dway am.
at last, at length, finally, at
the end — a^ir.
yesterday — ^parun.
shortly, soon, to-day or to-
morrow — nan saba.
the day after to-morrow —
bsdl 9aba.
early in the morning, be-
times — ^wa^ti.
always, ever — tal or tartalo.
always, continually, ever —
tal tah talah, tal tar talah,
hameshah.
as yet, up to the present
time — ^tar aosa,la tar aosa.
sometimes — charey charey,
or chari chari.
Adverts of Quantity,
so much — ^hombra'h da
hombra'h, tsombra'h.
that much — hombra'h kadr.
this much — daghombra'h
kadr.
as much as — ^har tsombra*h.
howmuchsoever — har tgo.
gratuitously — weria.
a great nimiber, several —
teo tso.
much, in a great degree, by
far — der.
a little, a few — ^lajz, lakotey.
Adverts of Similitude,
thus, in this manner— da or thuB, in this way— da
daghah shan. daghah rang.
Digitized by Google
70
PTJSHTO MANTJAL.
like, as, as if, just as, for all
the world — ^lakah, shan,
ghundi. dod, pah dod,
ma^aej, pah t§er.
so, in that manner — haghah
shan,
so, in that way — haghah
rang.
Adverbs of
look out! have a care ! — wu-
gorah, wu-winah.
be cautious ! — bedar shah.
thus, so, in this manner —
hasej, daghah sey, da
hasey, dasey.
for example — ^masalasi.
that is to say — ya'ni.
thus, in this manner — ^hasey
shan.
Admonition,
know ! recollect ! — poh shah,
take care ! mind ! — ^abar-
dar shah.
Adverbs of Society
alone — ^yawadgaey.
face to face — makha-makfa.
apart, at a distance — ^liri, liri.
far away, very far off — ^liri
larghah.
at the side — af^, a^a^.
side by side — ay^ pah
singly, individually — yow
pan yow.
back to back — sha pah sha.
shoulder to shoulder —
aojza'h pah aojza'h.
cmd Separation.
apart, separately — beyal,
beyala'h, beyal beyal.
together — sarah.
besides, except — ^bey lah dey,
siwa lah dey, pratah lah
dey.
separately — tar pah tar.
uselessly — wuch pah wuch-
ah.
on opposite sides, on both
sides — pori ra pori.
Adverbs of Extremity and Termination.
to, up to, until — tar, pori.
hitherto, up to — ^tar dey
pori, tar daghah pori.
until, up to — tso, tso chih.
beyond boimds — bey ^adda,
lali ^adda zi'at.
to the last degree — ^tar
^adda -non.
till now, as yet — ^tar aosa
pori.
so far as — ^tar haghah pori.
till when? how long? — tar
kalah pori.
to the end — tar a^ir pori.
to the last, to the extreme —
tar nihayata pori.
Digitized by Google
71
Adverbs of Interrogation,
where P whither? — chaxtah,
chari^ chari, kam dza'e.
howP in what maimer? —
tsangah.
since when? — ^hih kama or
lah koma wakta.
how much? — teombrah,
^mrah.
whence? — lah kama, kh
kama dza'e or dza'eah.
when? at what time?—
kalah.
how much longer? — ^la tar
koma.
until when? how long? —
tar kalah, tar kalah pori,
tar kama pori or tar too.
how much ? — tsombrah kadr.
how often ? — ^tso dzalah.
why not ? — ^waley bah nah wi.
why? how? wherefore? —
teah larah, ^fah lah, pah
tsah.
for what? wherefore ?— wa-
ley, t§ah daparah.
in what way? how? — ^fe»h
rang, teah shan, pah teah
togah.
Adverbs of Dubitation.
perhaps, haply — ^ha-yi,gun- may be — ^bah wi.
di, gundi.
perhaps not — ^nah dl wi.
Godknows — ^Q^uda-e z'dah.
probably — ^pah guman sarah.
may or may not be — ^wi Mh
nah wi.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Emphasis,
certainly, doubtless — bey
shakah, la char,
necessarily — al-battah, y^o,
zarar.
yes, indeed, yea — ^ho.
merely, only, exactly — jox-
right or wrong — ^hak^ na
IjiaJ^, kam nah kam.
by no means, never — ^hichar-
ey, lah sarah, lasarah.
reauy, truly — ^pah riiihli'a,
Rattan,
by God ! — ^Q^uda-e ^o.
necessarily, it behoveth —
boyahy baedah.
altogether, wholly, entirely
— ^har gorah, yak laUbtah.
never, by no means — ^ha^o,
ha^u.
only, simply — fakat.
at all events, whether or
not, nolens volens —
]^wah na-khwah.
exactly, quite, the very
same — bedu, ho bah ho.
Digitized by Google
72 PTJSHTO MANUAL.
• Adverbs of Negation,
no, not, nay — nah, yah. do not — mah.
CONJUNCTIONS.
if — ^kih, agar. notwithstanding — sarah lah
although — agar-chih. dey.
also, even, likewise — ^ham, unless — ^mangar, magar.
bal. and, also — aw, o.
but, yet, however — ^waley, therefore, then — ^pas, skah,
wall. dzakah.
besides, except — siwa, prat- that, because, since — chih.
ah. unless, if not — bey lah.
if not, unless, otherwise — then, because, therefore —
kih nah, ki-nah. dzakah, lah dey jihata,
then, therefore — lah haghah lah dey sababa, too.
sababa. or — ^ya.
but, moreover — ^balkih.
PEEPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS.
of — da. to, until — ^tar.
"to^^tah, larah, lah, watah, on, upon — par, par bandi.
wa larah, wa lah, wa wa- from him, her, it, or them —
tah.
pn, prey.
in — k'^hey, pah k'^hey. over, above — da pasa, dapa-
below, imder — tar landi, da sah.
landi. before — dzakah.
with — sarah. in,betwixt,between — ^mandz,
for, for the sake of — dapa- mi-yandz.
rah. in between, in the middle —
from — lah, lah nah, di, di pah mi-yandz.
nah.
Digitized by Google
GBAMMAB.
73
INTEEJECTIONS.
well done! bravo! — afrin!
shabasli !
have a care! — ^tam shah!
bedar shah!
alas ! alas ! — ^hai hai !
sorrow! alas! — dreg^a!
avaunt ! get away ! — chi-
ttah!
oh ! — ^ao ! ai ! wahey !
dear ! dear ! — wuey ! wuey !
woe ! woe ! — ^wae ! wae ! or
A^\ a^!
lackadaj ! — afsos !
would to God ! — kash-kl !
kash-ki4
strange ! good Qod ! — 'ajab,
hae hu-e !
indeed ! really ! — hah !
begone ! get away ! — liri
shah ! bl-artah shah !
hush ! silence ! — chhapah !
chhap shah !
hollo! oh! O!— ^ucha'h!
ghuchah! ghuchey !
NUMERAXS.
1 yow or yowa*h.
2 dwah.
3 dre.
4 tfifalor.
5 pindzah.
6 shpajz.
7 aowah.
8 atah.
9 nah.
10 las.
11 yow las.
12 dwah las.
13 di-yar las.
14 tswar las.
15 pindzah las.
16 shap&ras.
17 aowah las.
18 atah las.
19 nuh las or niinas.
20 shil.
21 yow wisht.
22 dwah wisht.
23 dre wisht.
24 tsalor wisht.
25 pindzah wisht.
26 shpajz wisht.
27 aowah wisht.
28 atah wisht.
29 nuh wisht.
30 dersh.
31 yow dersh.
&c. &c.
40 tsalwe^ht.
50 pindzos.
60 shpetah
70 ao-ya.
80 at-ya.
90 nawey or newey.
Digitized by Google
74 PXTSHTO MAHTTAL.
100 sal or sil. 700 aowah ^awa.
100 yow 9awa. 800 atah pawa.
200 dwah pawa. 900 nuh pawa
300 dre ^awa or ter §u. 1,000 zar or yow zar.
400 tsalor ^awa or tsun^u. 2,000 dwah zarah.
500 pindzaJi^awa or punfu. &c. &c.
600 shpajz 9awa.
10,000 las zarah. 10,000,000 karoy.
100,000 lak. 1,000,000,000 behan^ or alif .
1,000,000,000,000 nil.
The first of the foregoing numerals becomes * yowa ' or
* yowah ' in the oblique cases ; and before a feminine noun
takes imperceptible ' h,' and is liable to the same changes
for number and case as other adjectives. The other
numerals, being plural, take the indirect form of the
plural, and are not subject to any other changes for
gender or number.
The Ordinal Numbers.
first — yunbaey, w*runbaey, sixth — shpajzam.
fern, yunba'i, Vyunbai, seventh — ^aowam.
awwal. eighth — atam.
second — dwahyam. ninth — ^nuham, nam.
third — dreyam. tenth — ^lasam.
fourth — ^loram, t§falaram. &c. &c.
fifth — ^pindzam.
Before feminine nouns all ordinals but the first take
imperceptible * h * like other adjectives.
Fractions,
a quarter — pa-o. one and a half — ^yow nim
a half — ^nim, nima'h. or yowa*h nima'h.
three-quarters — dre pawa, one and three-fourths — pao
dre pawa'h. kam dwah.
one and a quarter — ^pindzah
pawa, pin^gah pawa'h.
Digitized by Google
OSAMMAB.
75
Days of the Week.
Saturday — ^ali, shanbah.
Sunday — ^it-bar, atwar, yek shanbah.
Monday — gul, pir, do shanbah.
Tuesday — ^nahah, sih shanbah.
Wednesday — char shanbah.
Thursday — pan shanbah, pan j -shanbah.*
Friday — ^jam'ah, adina'h.
Months of the Tear,
Name,
Hasan Husain.
Safara'h.
Bunba'i j^or.
i)wahyama'h ^or.
Ihreyama'h ^or.
Tsalorama'h ^bor.
Da Khuda-e nu-asht. .
Da sho kadr mi-asht or
Da barat mi-asht.
Da rojzey mi-asht.
Da warah aj^tar mi-asht.
Mi-yani, Mi'ana'h, !g^ali.
Da lo-e aU^tar mi-asht.
Meaning.
Hasan Husain.
Safar.
the first Sister.
The second Sister.
The third Sister.
The fourth Sister.
God's month.
The month of the Night of
Destiny.
The Fast month.
The lesser Fast month.
The Intermediate month.
The greater Fast month.
The Seasons,
Spring — psar-laey.
Summer — ^aoyaey, dobey.
Autumn — manaey.
Winter — jzamaey.
♦ Amongst the tribes north of Peshawar, Thursday is
called da ziyarat rwadg, ' the day of pilgrimage.'
Digitized by Google •
7Q PUSHTO ICANTJAL.
The Cardinal Points.
North — ^haey taraf .
South — kirn taraf.
East — ^n'war j^atah, n'mar Ubatah.
West — n'war pre-vatah, n'mar pre-watah.
SYNTAX.
The general order of words in a sentence is as follows : —
First the nominative, the adjective preceding the sub-
stantive ; then nouns in the different cases, as required ; a
participle or adverb may follow; and the verb terminates
the sentence.
Nouns,
When nouns of different genders occur in the same
sentence, the adjective, verb, and participle, governed by
them in common, must take the masculine form.
Whenever a noim is to be used in the same sentence
with another, which is more immediately acted upon by a
verb, the former must be put in the accusative case, which
in PuiShto is the same as the nominative; thus, * du'i makr-
iina hasi kandi chih wa kbalk ta'amiina war-kawina ao
Upul dgan tah ^alkah marju' kamna',* * Those (de-
ceivers) practice such deceptions — ^they give victuals unto
the people, and they bias the world towards themselves.*
The particle *da,* which governs the genitive case,
generally precedes the noim it governs.
When two nouns in the ablative case come together in a
sentence, the * a ' or * ah,' the sign of the case, is only used
with the last.
The particles * tah,* * larah,' * lah,* &c., governing the
dative case, are often used to denote *for,' *for the sake
of/ &c.; thus, ' kih shahbaz larah sina'h da*h da chanjario,
Digitized by Google
GSAMMAB. 77
'onkabut larah sina'li da'h da magas/ ' If the breast of the
partridge is for the falcon, for the spider is the breast of
the fly.'
In sentences where there are two objective cases, the
one denoting the object and the other the person, the
• object of the transitive verb mw** be put in the dative
case.
The dative case is sometimes used instead of the geni-
tive to express relation or possession ; thus, 'ghah tuhfa'h
chih wa'h plar ma tah rastawuley,' Ac., * That curiosity
which father had sent /or we,' <fcc.
Diminutives and terms of endearment are formed by
the addition of one or other of the following terminations,
-k, -aey, -a'i, -ra'i, -kaey, -gaey, -ot, -oyaey, -ukaey,
-gutaey ; as bazargaey, ' a small market,' jinaka'i, ' a little
girl,' chargoyaey, * ayoimgor little cock,' w'yiikaey, * a little
(boy),' &c.
Adjectives,
The adjective must always agree with its noun in gender,
case, and nimiber, except with an uninflected masculine
noun in the plural number, when the adjective is used in
the singular.
Adjectives are often used alone, the substantive being
understood.
When any other than the first numeral adjective is used
with noims in the masculine gender, the noim is most
generally inflected, and takes * -a' or * -all ' ; but occasionally
it takes the plural form. When nimieiul adjectives are
used with feminine nouns, the latter take the plural form
without exception.
When the first nimieral adjective is used with nouns, it
is subject to the same changes for gender, number, and
case as the noim it qualifies.
Digitized by Google
78 PTJSHTO MAKTTAL.
Pronouns.
In the different tenses of mtransitive verbs, and in the
present, future, and aorist of transitives, in which the
afiixed personal pronouns are used, the separate personal
pronouns may be altogether omitted, or may be used with
them. When the meaning is clear without them, they
may be dropped in the 3rd person singxdar and plural of
intransitives also.
The third personal pronoun ' haghah ' is sometimes used
as the remote demonstrative, and is declined in a similar
manner.
The prepositions 'tar' and 'par,' meaning <to' and
* upon ' respectively, with the addition of long * i ' or
short * i ' are used as pronouns, when they become * tri ' or
* tri,' * from him, her,' Ac., and * pri * or^ pri,' * upon hiTn^
her,' &c. The particle * na ' or * nah,' to which * tey ' or
* ti ' is prefixed in the oblique cases, is also used for * pri.'
These substitutes for pronouns cannot be called prepo-
sitions, because they have a pronominal meaning inherent
in them. The^ are used for both things animate and in-
animate, and smgular and plural, and are not subject to
any chaiige for gender ; thus, * Da haghah, Adam Khan
daey chih DurKhana'i tri biwaley da'h,' * This is that same
Adam Khan /rom whom Durj^ana'i has been carried off.'
In speaking of one's-self with another, preference is given
to the 1st person in the first instance. The Afghans also
use the aingula/r, not the plural form of the pronoun,
when referring to one person only.
When a third person is mentioned, the words of the
speaker himself must be repeated^ instead of using the
3rd person ; thus, *Chih war tahyadah sh'wah chih k'ada'h
mi karey nah da'h,* * When he recollects that " the k'ada'h
has not been performed hy me." '
When a second pronoun is required to refer to the same
person or thing as the subject, the reflective pronoun
Digitized by Google
OSAJEMAS. 79
*kfapnl' must be used; thus, ^Mirza! ]^pul dzan pa-
Upulah sta-yi/ ' Mlrzk ! he himself glonfieth himself.'
When, however, a pronoun in the second member of a
sentence refers to the same subject or thing as the nomi-
native or subject of the verb in the first, the personal
and particular pronoun must be used, instead of the
reflective.
The reflective is joined to nouns and pronouns by way
of identity, peculiarity, or emphasis ; thus, * ]^uda'e pa-
^pulah da wayalaey (daey),' * Qod himself hath said,' &c.
The pronoun ' tsah,' used both as an interrogative and
an indefinite, is often employed as an exclamative ; thus,
* Tsah bala sa^ta'h dana'h yam na-pohejzam ! ' * What
unfortunate hard grain I am, I know not ! ' It may, also,
be used as a discriminative; tiius, * Tsah^akim tsah ra'iyat
tsah ghair zer,' * Whether ruler or subject, whether foreign
or strange.'
The adverb * chartah * is used emphatically to denote dis-
similarity, contrariety, and non-existence between matters
and things; thus, 'Chartah da yar shiindey! chartah
^am da dil o jan ! ' * Where (are) the lips of the beloved!
where (is) the sorrow of heart and soul! ' — implying that
there is similarity between them.
Verbs.
Transitive verbs, in any past tense of the active voice,
must agree with the object in gender and number ; thus,
'Bahram ^alapa'h ha^ah jina'i k'yala'h lah kaidah,'
'Bahram released that damsel from confinement.' The
agent is used in the instrumental case, and takes the
i^ected form when capable of inflection.
Some transitive verbs, such as * wayal,' * to speak,' and
* katal,' * to look at,' * to observe,' absolutely require the
object to be put in the dative case, without which the sen-
Digitized by Google
80 PTJSHTO MANUAL.
tence would convey no meaning ; tlius, ' Adam Khan Bale
tab wuli wey chih,' &c., * Adam !|^an said to Balo, that,' <fcc.
Pn^hto nouns have no particular terminations for the
objective; it is distinguished by its position, which pro-
perly is after the agent and before the verb. In all other
instances the object may be known by the gender and
number which the verb assumes to agree with it, and by
the affixed personal pronouns which point out the objective
case. Example : — * Chih Aurang Bahram ^abar kah lah
dey halah, ande^hno yey ^urat tao kar: shah pareshana,*
* When Aurang made Bahram acquainted with this circum-
stance, care and anxiety excited him: he became distracted.'
Eeverse the position of "Aurang," the agent, and he
becomes the object.
The infinitive form of the verb is often used to denote the
absolute necessity of an action ; thus, ' bal halal halal gamal
daey,' ' Moreover, what is legal and right, it is necessary
to account lawful.*
The infinitive in the genitive case, is the * noun of fitness '
shown in the paradigms of conjugation.
The past tense of a verb is often used in a future sense ;
thus, ' bada ! kih da yar ttabar di ra-war, lah z'rah bah
waj^ley da hijran sam daghuna,' * gentle breeze ! if
thou wilt bring (lit. if thouhrcyughtest) news of the beloved,
from the heart thou wilt remove the absence-burned
scars.'
Of intransitive verbs, the 3rd person singular and plural
of the past tenses is alone subject to change of termina-
tion for gender, and the first and second persons merely
take the plural form of the affixed personal pronouns for
the plural number.
The present tense is in many instances used in a future
signification ; thus, * da janat naksho nigar tri porey hits
shi chih lih'karah ka yow nigar nigar lah makha,' * the rap-
ture and bliss of Panidise will he nothing in his eyes, when
Digitized by Google
OBAMMAB. 81
the beloved displajeth one of the charms of her coimten-
ance/
The Pui^hto has no regular potential mood ; and the
passiye form of the verb is used instead, with a slight
dbSerence in the construction. InsU-ansitive verbs have
no passive voice, but a passive form (that is, the different
past participles with the auxiliary *to be *) is used for the
potential in their case. The verb agrees with the agent,
and the masculine or feminine form of the past participle
must correspond accordingly.
The transitive form of the potential is easily distin-
guished from the passive voice, as both the agent and the
object must be expressed for the former ; whilst, in the
latter, the agent is never expressed, or remains imknown.
The verb idso agrees with the object in gender and
number for the former, and the agent must be in the
instrumental case in the past tense.
The present participle is constantly used as a noun ;
thus, 'alwatah' means both 'flight' and 'fleeing,' * pre-
watah,* both * a fall,' and ' falling,* Ac.
The past participles of Pu^hto verbs are very often used
as past conjunctive participles ; thus, ' da ru^9at salam
mi kairaey tri bida shwam, ' having made my parting saluta-
tion, I bade them farewell.'
Sometimes a meaningless sound is added to a word to
produce a jingle of rhyme ; thus, ' da dunya da sud da-
parah baedah nah daey chih grewan k'^ey da 'izat pah cha
shuk puk,* * for the sake of the profit of the world, it
behoveth not that thou shouldest rend the collar of any-
one's fair fame.'
d by Google*
PUSHTO MANUAL.
PUSH TO MANUAL
PART II.
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES.
KISSEY T.ATT ISAPA AL-HAKIM.
FABLES FEOM ^SOP AL-HAKlM.*
1. Tapus aw Kowtarey.
Yow tso kowtaro lah derah
muddatah lah werey da yow-
ah tapus pah na-arama'i
k'iShey rwadzi terawali, magar
chih tal jey bedarikawula'h,
aw lah korah ^pulah liri nah
t'lali, lah hamley da du^h-
man tar-aosah-poripahaman
wey. Niir chih tapus wu-po-
hedah chih hainley mi bey-
f a-idah di, war da farib aw
1. The Kite and Pigeons.
Some pigeons had long
lived in fear of a kite, but
being always on the alert,
and not going far from the
dove-cote, they had con-
trived hitherto to escape
the attacks of the enemy.
So when the kite f OTind that
his sallies were unsuccessful,
having betaken himself to
craft, he brought stratagem
* Trhese have been selected from my illustrated PuiShtd
Edition of -ffisop's Fables.
d by Google
EXBB0ISE8 Aim DIALOOTJBS.
83
da makr pra-nataJaey, hilah-
sazi yey w'yandi wu-newal-
a'h: nur yey wa-du-i tah wa-
wey chih, "Da jzwandim da
tal - tar - talah andeshney
tsalali Uiwa^hawa'i ? Kib
fakat ma ^pul badshah
Fra'! hara'h ^mla'h chih
pah tasu kedey zah bah mo
da bala spar wum lah highey
bah mi khundi kawtdey."
Nur kowtaro, da dah pah
^abaro wisah karaey, pah
takht da shaha'i yey k'^he-
nawo ; magar chih pah takht
k'^henast pah ada kawulo da
^pul badshaa'i hakk pah
Uiwaralo da yowey kowtarey
hara'h rwadz sar shah. Pah
lidalo da dey hal yawey kaw-
tarey chih intizar da war
ttpul yey tskawuh, hum
daghah kadr jej wu-wey,
"Har-tsah chih wii-sh*wal
lah-mujz-sarah la-ik daey."
Fa-idah. — Haghah kasan
chih lah ^pulah lasah wa
kom zalim ya yowah duiSh-
man tah pah dzan tasallut
war kawi, hits ta'ajjub di nah
k'ri kih haghah pah a^ir
k'^hey pah du-i zulm wn k'ri.
to bear : so he said to them,
" Why do ye prefer this life
of continual anxiety ? If you
would only make me your
king, I would secure you
from every attack that could
be made upon you."
The pigeons, trusting to
his professions, placed him
on the throne ; but when he
was established thereon, he
began to exercise his prero-
gative by devouring a pigeon
a day.
Whereupon one pigeon
that yet awaited his turn,
said no more than, "It
serves us right."
Moral. — They who volun-
tarily put power into the
hand of a tyrant or an
enemy, must not wonder if
it be at last turned against
themselves.
2. Lumbay aw Wuza'h.
Yow lumbar pah yowah
kuhi h'^hey Iwedalaey wuh,
aw lah derah muddatah yey
2. The Fox and Ooat.
A fox had fallen into a
well, and had been casting
about for a long time how
Digitized by G00§le*
84
PXrSHTO HANTTAL.
lak dzanah sarah ande^hna'h
kawula'h chili pah tsah taur
bah lah dej kuhia pah bi-ar-
tah wu-wuzi. A^ir yowa'h
wuza'h wa haghah dza'e tah
wu-ra-ghla'h. gho^ht yey chih
aoba'h wn-ts'^hi, nurlah lum-
bay yey puiShtana'h wu-k'ra'h
chih aoba'h iShey aw derey
dey kih yah. Lumbar za-
hira'h ^atra'h ^pula'h
po^haley, war- tah yey wn-
wey, " Ai dostey, ^h'katah ra-
shah ; aoba'h hasey ^haghal-
ey dey chih nah pah aobe-
jzam, aw hombrah derey dey
chihkam-walinah-lari." Pah
dey ^abara'h wuza'h pah-
asana'i - sarah dalandi wa-
kuhi tah artawa'h sh'wa'h.
Pah rasedalo da dey lumbar,
pah ^h'karo da dostey ^pul-
ey madad a^istaey, pah
chalaka'i sarah dangedalaey,
lah kuhia da-bandi ra-wu-
liot, aw wa hi^^ey fareb-
^waraley ^^aribey wazey
tah yey bey z'rah-swaeyah
wu-wey chih, "Pah nisbat
wa jzira'h sta tah kih nimey
da hi|^ih di poha'h dar-
laley, pa-k^wa tar aytawe-
dalo bah di kataley wuh."
he should get out agaru. At
length a goat came to the
place (and) wantingto drink,
asked Eeynard whether the
water was good, and if there
was plenty of it. The fox,
dissembling the real danger
of his case, replied.
" Come down, my friend ;
the water is so good that I
cannot drink enough of it,
and so abundant that it can-
not be exhausted." Upon
this the goat, without any
more ado, leaped into the
well.
Upon her arrival the fox,
taking advantage of his
friend's horns, and nimbly
having leaped, came out of
the well, and coolly re-
marked to the poor deluded
goat,
" If you had half as much
brains as you have beard,
you would have looked be-
lore you leaped."
8. Lewah aw Kamol.
Pah stiini k'iShey da yowah
lewah yo ha4 ap shawaey
8. The Wolf and Crane.
A wolf had got a bone
stuck in his throat, and, in
Digitized by Google
EXBBOISBS AND DIALOGUBS.
85
wuh, aw pah der 'azab girif-
tar daltah haltah z'ghast,
liar dzan-dar chih bah pah
pe^h shah pah 'ajizi bah jej
du'a da MLala9a'i lah higney
saUhta'i tri gho^htala'h. aw
pah trats k'^hej bah jej da
wayal chih wa haghali nek-
ba^t k'^hawimM tah bah
tsah ^hsBh in'am war-k'fam.
Nur pah yowah kamol zara'i
aw wa'dey da dah asar karey,
bey-fikrah jej ujzda'h
l^ara'h U^piua'h da lewah
pah kbula'h nanayastaley,
hag^ah ha4 yey lah stun! da
dah ra-wu-yost. Nur pah
narma'i sarah yey ha^^h
in' am wa'da'h ka^aey tri wu-
l^o^ht. Pah arwedalo da
dey lewah tandaey triw
l^a^h spin karaey pah zahir
Uafah war tah wu-yey-wey,
^Ai na-shukrah ma^lukah!
Zi'at tar dey in'am tsah
ghwayey chih sar di pah
zamo k'Shey da lewah yaih-
aey, pah salamat di ra-wu-
yost!"
Fa-idah. — Haghah kasan
chih i^la^-mandi kawi
fakat pah umid da 'iwaz
mundalo, nah bo-yah chih
ta'ajjub wu-k'yi kih pah
mu'amalah k'^hey lah kam
zato sarah, pah 'iwaz da
shukraney bey Ijiaddah rish-
kband mumi.
the greatest agony, ran up
and down, beseeching every
animal he met to relieve him
of his pain, and hinted at a
very handsome reward to the
successful operator. A crane,
moved by his entreaties and
promises, having ventured
his long neck down the
wolfs throat, drew out the
bone from it. He then
modestly asked for the pro-
mised reward. On hearing
this, the wolf, grinning and
showing his teeth, replied,
with seeming indignation.
" Ungrateful creature !
What other reward do you
ask for than that having put
your head into a wolf s jaws,
you brought it safe out
again ! "
Moral. — ^Those persons
who are charitable only in
the hope of a return, must
not be surprised if, in their
dealings with evil men, in
lieu of thanks they meet
with boundless jeers.
d by Google
86
PUSHTO MANUAL.
4. Khud-pasanda^h
gha'i.
Yawey kagha'i U^iid-pas-
andej pah hasej shan tgo da
dey pah jajuri k'iShey dza'e-
da*h, tso barney chih ta'usano
achawuli wi wa|^istali,
pah ^pulo barno k'iShey
yey lekey k'rey, aw kadim
sialan ^pul na-t§izah shme-
ralaey, ^an yey pah ^erej
gusta^a'i saiuh pah yowah
sail k'Shey da dey rangino
murghano da^il ka^. Hu-
gho bey drangah a^wal da
highey bey - satah wa-ra-
^aley daryaft karaey,
haghah 'ariatey barney yey
tri wu-k'iShaley, aw pah ma-
^huko wahalo hajum pri
kari, lah khpulah sailah yey
wu-yastala'h. Hi^ey bad-
baUitey bey na9ibey ka-
gha'i, der azar mimdaley
lah haddah zi'ata afsos
ka^ey, biartah pah awwalnio
dalano ga^ah sh'wala'h, aw
^o^ht yey chih bi-a lah
du-i sarah wu-astejzi goya
chih hits pri shawaey nah
wuh. Magar dii-i maghruii
da dey pah yad dar-laley,
lah ^puley mal-^ra'i yey
wu-sharala'h, aw yowey lah
hugho chih lajz muddat
shawaey dey pah tsah nah
shmerala'h, pah taur da dars
Ka- 4. The vain Jackdaw.
A jackdaw, as vain and
conceited as a jackdaw could
well be, having picked up
the feathers which some
peacocks had shed, stuck
them among her own, and
despising her old compa-
nions, introduced herself
with the greatest assurance
into a flockof those beautiful
birds.
They instantly detect-
ing the character of the in-
truder, stripped her of her
borrowed plumes, and falling
upon her with their beaks,
sent her about her business.
The unlucky and unfor-
tunate jackdaw, sorely
punished (and) deeply sor-
rowing, betook herself to
her former companions, and
would have nocked with
them again as if nothing
had happened. But they,
recollecting what airs she
had given herself, drummed
her out of their society,
while one of those whom she
had but lately despised,
read her this lecture : "Had
you been contented with
what nature made vou, you
Digitized by Google
EXBBCISE8 AND DIALOaXTES.
87
yey war tah wu-wey : " Blih
ta pah haghah togah chih
^Luda-e paida k'i'ey kana'at
karaey wae, lali saza da loe-
ano tar ta aw lium lali maz-
amatah da ^pulo sialano
nijat bah di miindalaey
wtih."
would have escaped the
chastisement of your betters
and also the contempt of
your equals."
5. Kunda'h aw Ohirga'h.
Yowey kundey yowa'h
ohirga'h dar-lala'h chih har
sahar bah jej yowa'h haga'i
achawula'h. Nur kundey lah
dzanah sarahande^hna'hwu-
k'ra'h, "Kih zah da ^pul-
ey chirgey danah war do-
chanda'h k'ram, dwah dzalah
bah di rwadzi haga'i wa-
chawi." Nur tadbir ^pul
yey wu-azmayah, aw chirg-
a*h hasey tsorba'h sh'wa'h,
chih bi-1-kull lah haga'i
achawulo wa-wata'h.
Fa-idah. — Har-chih khalk
afkalawi tal pah liaghah
shan pah wuku' nah ra-d^.
6. Ghar pah halat da
Langalwah.
Pah tero shawio rwadgo,
pahyowah gh'rah. k'^hey 4er
zorawar ghuyumbey arwed-
ah shah. Wayalaey shah
5. The Widow and the
Hen.
A widow kept a hen that
laid an egg every morning.
So the widow thought to
herself, "If I double my
hen's allowance of barley,
she will lay twice a-day."
So she tried her plan, and
the hen became so fat and
sleek, that she left off laying
at all.
Moral. — What people
imagine does not always
happen. Figures are not
always facts.
6. The Moimtain in La-
bour.
In days of yore, a mighty
grumblmg was heard in a
certain mountain. It was
said to be in labour, and
Digitized by Google
PUSHTO MANUAL.
chih ghar pah langalwah
k'^hey daej, nur tolaey tol-
aej Ubalk lah liro najzdo,
da-parali da lidalo chih tsah
bah wn - zejzawi jam'ah
sh'wal. Pas lah derahinti-
zarah tskawulo aw lah der
^hseh ^hseh afkal kawulo da
nandartsiano, na-tsapah da
band! yow majzak ra-wn-
wot!
Fa-idah. — Da ki^^ia'h pah
shan k'^hey da hu^o kasano
da'h chih lo-e-ey lo-e-ey wa'-
dey yey pah na-tsizah 'ami
tar sai^ rasejzi.
multitudes flocked together
from far and near, to see
what it would produce.
After long expectation and
many wise conjectures from
the bystanders, suddenly
out popped a mouse !
Moral. — This story applies
to those whose magnificent
promises end in paltry per-
formance.
7. Ohirg aw Marghal- 7. The Cock and the
ara'h. Pearl.
Yow chirg pah ghujal
k'^hey da yowah bazgarpah
unud da daney mundalo da-
parah da iShadzey ^puley
^azala'h pah p^ho lawast-
aley palafala'h, kaza-kar
nazar yey pah yowah gauhar
wu-n*^hat cluh ittifakan
haltah Iwe-dalaey wuh. Nur
yey wu-wey, "Ho! tah ^o
yow ^hseh teiz yey pah nazar
da hugho chih ta 'aziz
shmeri, magar wa-ma-tah
yowa'h dana'h da aor-biishi
bihtara'h da'h tar tamamo
marghalaro chih pah dunya
k'^hey di."
A cock scratching up the
straw in a farm-yard in
search of food for his hens,
chanced to hit upon a jewel
that by some chance had
fallen there. "Ho!" said
he; "you are a very fine
thing, no doubt, to those
who prize you, but to me one
barley-corn is better than
all the pearls in the world."
d by Google
BXBBCI8E8 USTD DIALOOUBS.
Fa-!dah. — Haghah chirg
der ho^hjar chirg wuh, mag-
ar der kam-'akl kasan di
chih zalil garni haghah t§iz
chih der giran baha wi f akat
lah dey sababah chih wakif-
iyat nah pah lari.
8. Ser-laey aw Lewah.
Yow ser-laey pah bam da
yowey Twayey ^iiney dare-
dalaey, yow lewan yey
k'l^hatah pah lari t'liinaey
wn-lidah aw pah peghor
war-kawulo wa-dah-teh sar
shah. Lewah fakat da-
parah da dzawab war kawulo
wa-dah-tah daredalaey, wu-
yey-wey, " Ai na-mardah !
da tah nah yey chih wa-ma-
tah kandzal kawey, balkih
daghah dza'e daey chih tah
pri walay yey."
9. Kabla'i aw Mor yey.
Yowey kablal yowah
rwadz wa-mor-tah wu-wey,
^* Ai adey , tar spaey Uo tah
lo-ea'h yey, aw tar gayanda'!
aw tar ujzd sahey jej, aw
da-parah da satalo da ^pul
dzan ^h'kar hum larey ; niir
t§ah sabab daey chih lah
^h'kario spio hombrah we-
rejzey ? " Mor yey masedal-
Moral. — ^The cock was a
sensible cock, but there are
many silly people who
despise what is precious only
because they cannot under-
stand it.
8. The Kid and Wolf.
A kid being mounted on
the roof of a lofty house,
saw a wolf passing below,
and began to revile him.
The wolf, having merely
stopped to reply, said,
" Coward ! it is not you who
revile me, but the place on
which you are standing."
9. The Fawn and her
Mother.
A fawn said to her mother
one day, " Mother, you are
bigger than a dog, and
swifter and better winded,
and you have horns to de-
fend yourself ; how is it, then,
that you are so afraid of the
hounds ? " Her mother,
smiling, said, ** All this, my
child, I know full well ; but
d by Google
90
PTJSHTO MANUAL.
ey wu-yey-wey, " Ai farzand-
ali, pah da tolah, zah ^liseli
pohejzam; magar har-kalah
chih ^apa da spi arwam,
pi^liey mi, las-pah-lasa, pah
har-kadr tgo tuwanejzi jzir
mi bia-yi."
Fa-idah.— Pah luts dalil
bah bey z'^ah pah ghairat
ra-nah-wali.
no sooner do I hear a dog's
bark, than forthwith my
heels take me off as fast as
they can carry me."
Moral. — There is no argu-
ing a coward into courage.
10. Lumbar aw M'zaraey. 10. The Fox and Lion.
Tow liimbar chih hits-
kalah yey m'zaraey lidalaey
nah wuh, chih awwal war
lah ittifakah lah-dah-sarah
pe^h shah, hombra'h wera'h
pri wu-ra^la'h chih najzdey
wuh lah werey may shi.
Dweam dzalah chih war-
sarah mulaki shah, la dzini
pah wera'h wuh, magar pah
yowah shan yey ^pula'h
wera'h pu^a'h k'ra'h. Dre-
yam war chih yey wu-H-dah
hasey bey-bakah shah, chih,
pah w'yandi yey wu-raghlaey^
bara'h gaya'h yey war-sarah
wu-k'ya'h.
Fa-idah. — Lah 4©rey nas-
tey walarey spuk-walaey
paida kejzi.
11. Zoy ^h'kari Spaey.
Yow ^h'kari spaey, chih
pah ^pul 'umr k'^hey pah
^pul kar der mayanaey
A fox who had never seen
a lion, when by chance he
met him for the first time, was
so terrified that he almost
died of fright. When he
met him the second time he
was still afraid, but managed
to disguise his fear. When
he saw him the third time
he was so much emboldened,
that, having gone up to him,
he asked him how he did.
Moral. — Too much fami-
liarity breeds contempt.
11. The old Hound.
A hound who had been an
excellent one in his time, and
had done good service to his
Digitized by Google
EXBBCISES AND DIALOGUES.
91
wuh, aw pah maidan da
sh'kar yey da - parah da
tga^htan khpul ^hseli ^id-
mat pall ^a'e ra-wuraey
wuh, a^ir lah dei*ah 'mnrah
aw lah wafiro mihnato zor
shawaej lah karah wu-wot.
Yowah rwadz, pah wakt da
Sh'kar da sodaro, yow sodar
yey tar ghwajz wu-niwah,
magar gha^hunah jej pah
jzamo k'Shey da hag^ah lah
ao-urio wu-khatal, aw pri
lazim sh'wah chih mwah
U^pul prejzdi, nur so^ar tri
^alaf shawaey lar. S^h'kari
pah daey pri ra-ghalaey, der
yey malamat kar. Lekin
ha^ah za'if spi dzawab war
ka^r, '' Kadim nokar ^pul
mu*af k'rah ! Kuwat dzama
wuh nail irada'h mi chih
kotahi yey wu-k'yah. Niir
pah *iwaz k'^hey da peghor
ra-kawul wa-ma-tah da-
parah da haghah chih aos
yam, dar yad k'rah haghah
chih pa-^wa wum."
master in the field, at length
became worn out with the
weight of years and trouble.
One day, when hunting the
wild boar, he seized one by
the ear, but his teeth gave
way from the gums, and he
was forced to let go his
hold, so the boar escaped.
Upon this the huntsman,
coming up, severely rated
him. But the feeble dog
replied, "Spare your old
servant ! It was the power,
not the will, that failed me.
Bemember rather what I
was, than abuse me for what
I now am."
12. As aw i
,-is.
Yow sa-is wuh chih dana'h
da as bah yey |^la kayey
pro-la'h, sarah lah dey chih
tola'h rwadz bah lah saharah
tarn'ma-^hamah pah ghasho
aw timar da dah mashghiil
12. The Horse and the
Groom.
A groom there was who
used to steal and sell a
horse's com, yet was very
busy in grooming and whisp-
ing him all the day long.
The horse said to him, " If
Digitized by Google
92
PTJSHTO MANTJAX.
wuh. As war-tah wu wey,
" Kih pah rii^hti-a ghwarey
chill zah ^hseh ^h'karah sham,
wa-ma-tah lah ghasho aw
timarah lajz ra-k^rah, aw
ziat lah daney."
13. Dwey Dzola*i.
Har saraey dwey dzola'i
yowa'h par sha bsela'h pah
ghejz k'ihey a^li, aw dwa-
ra'h dakey lah 'aibunah di.
Magar haghah chih pah
ghejz k*^hey da'h, ^akaf'h lah
'aibuno da humsayagano
da'h, aw haghah chih tar
sha da'h, daka'h lah 'aibuno
3dipula*h da'h. Nur hum
da^^ah sabab daey chih
U^alk lah Upulah 'aibuno
karna'h aw r^<l&'^ di,
magar da humsayagano yey
hits kalah lah nazarah da-
bandi na-^.
you really wish me to look
well, give me less of your
currying, and more of your
com."
13. The Two Wallets.
Every man carries two
wallets, one before and one
behind, and both are full of
faults. But the one before
is full of his neighbour's
faults, and the one behind
of his own faults. Thus it
happens that men are deaf
and blind to their own
faults, but never lose sight
of their neighbour's.
14. Spaey aw 'Aks.
Towah spi tukra'h
ghwa^ha'h lah dukano da
ka^^iab ghlk k'ya'h, aw wa-
taraf-tah da kor t'lalaey,pah
yowah sind pori wot chih
aks ^pal yey k'^hatah pah
aobo k'^hey wu - Hdah.
[Qiyal jej wu-kay chih bflel
spaey dsiey, tukra'h da
14. The
Shadow.
Dog and the
A dog stole a piece of meat
out of a butcher's shop, and
on his way home was cross-
ing a river, when he saw his
own shadow reflected in the
stream below. He thought
that it was another dog
taking a piece of meat in
his mouth, so he resolved
Digitized by Google
BXBB0I8BS AKD DIALOaTTBS.
ghwa^ho pah l^ulah mwal-
ey, nur yey lali ^zanah
sarab miikarrar k'rah chih
tsa^htan da hi^ih bah hum
sham ; magar pah khulo
achawulo wa haghah ghani-
mat shmeralaey tah, haghah
^wai^ha'h chih dar-lodaley
yey Jah J^uley pre-wata'h,
aw pah da shan yey tola'h
za-i' Fra'h.
Fa-idah. — Las achawul
wa-'aks-tah aw za-i' kawul
da a^al da dah aksar ba^-
ra'h da ha^o kasano chih
yow tta? tabaruk pah Wbat-
rah k'^hey achawi da-parab
da ^laH neka'i mimdal.
within himself that he would
become the master of that
also ; but in snapping at the
supposed treasure, the bit he
was carrying dropped from
his mouth, and in this way
he lost all.
Moral. — Grasp at the
shadow and lose the sub-
stance — ^this is the common
fate of those who hazard a
real blessing for some
visionary good.
15. Lewah aw Wra'i.
Haghah wakt chih yowah
lewah pah sar da yowey
chiney aoba'h tg'^haley yow-
a'h w^ra'i awarah shawaey
yey wu-lida*h chih pah tsako
liri pah pa'e da chiney yey
pah aoba'h k'^hey parnankey
wahaley. Nur lah dzanah
sarab yey niwal da dey muk-
arrar kar, aw pah fikr shah
chih tsah bahana'h da-parah
da dey zulm jo^ah k'ram.
Nur, pah w'ra'i war-z'|^as-
talaey wu- yey -wey, "Ai
shariral! da tsah bey-^aya-
15. The Wolf and the
Lamb.
As a wolf was lapping
at the head of a running
brook, he spied a stray lamb
paddling at some distance
down the stream.
He made up his mind to
seize her, and bethought
himself how he might jus-
tify his violence.
" Villain ! " said he, run-
ning up to her j " how dare
you muddle the water that I
Digitized by Google
94
PirSHTO MANUAL.
galwi da'h chih Iiaghah
aoba'li chill zah. jej ts'^ham
tah jej ^serawe " ? Wra'i,
pah *ajizi sarah, war-tah wn-
wey, " Ei^hti'a wayam nah-
winamc
aoba'h khserawuley sham
waley chih dz'ma lah taraf-
ah sta pah khwa aoba'h
nah bahejzi balkih sta lah
loria dz'ma pah palo ra-dzi."
Lewah dzawab war-kar, ''Da
kih wi kihnah wi, magaryow
kal shawaey daey chih ta
ma larah der i^h'kandzal
karaey wuh." Wra'i rejz-
deduney war tah yey wn-
wey, "Ai sardarah! yow
kal pa-^wa tar daey zah la
nah-wum zii karey." Lewah
wu-wey, "S'hsBh daey, kih
tah nah wey, sta plar ^o
wuh, aw da yow tsiz daey,
lekin bey-f a-idah daey daUl
ra-w'ral sta chih zah di shii-
ma'h nah k'ram; " niir bey
lah way alo da bseley khabarey
pah hi^ey 'ajizey la-charey
w'ra'i war wu-ghurzedah
sarah yey tsirey k'ra'h.
Fa-idah. — Zalim hits kal-
ah muhtaj da bahaney nah
daey ; aw ha^ah kasan lajz
nmid lari da-parah da rad-
awalo da zulm da zalimano
chih fakat wasla'h da bey-
gimaha'i aw da 'akl lari.
am drinking ? " " Indeed,"
said the lamb, humbly, " I
do not see how I can disturb
the water, since it runs from
you to me, not from me to
you."
"Be that as it may," re-
plied the wolf, " it was but
a year ago that you called
me many ill names."
" Oh, Sir ! " said the lamb,
trembling, "a year ago I
was not bom."
" Well," repHed the wolf,
" if it was not you, it waa
your father, and that is all
the same ; but it is of no use
trying to argue me out of
my supper ; " — and without
another word he fell upon
the poor helpless lamb and
tore her to pieces.
Moral. — A tyrant never
wants a plea ; and they have
little chance of resisting the
injustice of the powerful
whose only weapons are
innocence and reason.
d by Google
EXERCISES AND DIALOaUES.
95
16. Ysbjz aw Lumbar.
Yowah yajz lafey shafey
pah bab k'^hey da der
muhabbat lah insan sarah
bah wahaley, wayal bah jej
chih har-kalah daey mar wi
zah hiti-kalah daey nah
tsandam aw nah yey tsiram.
Lumbar masedalaey, war
tah yey wu-wey, "Kih ta
daey jzwandaey hits-kalah
nah Miwaralaey ma bah sta
^abara'h bihtara'h shmeral-
a'h."
Fa-idah. — Bihtar daey sa-
tanah da sari lah margah tar
da chih pas lah margah yey*
'ilaj kawi.
17. Machan aw Mangaey.
Yow mangaey da 'asalo
pah dukan k'shey da bakal
naskor karaey shawaey, ma-
chan da-parah da tsatalo, yey
tola'i tola*! pri jama' shwal,
aw hum yey harkat lah ha-
ghah dza'eah tso yow t§ats-
kaey la baki wuh, kabal
nah kar. A^ir p^hey yey
hasey pah k*^hey wu-n'shat-
ey, chih tuwan da alwatalo
war pato nah shah, aw pah
16. The Bear and the Fox.
A bear used to boast of
his excessive love for man,
saying that he never worried
or mauled him when dead.
The fox, smiling, observed,
"I should have thought
more of your profession if
you never ate him alive."
Moral. — ^It is better to
save a man from death than
when dead to salve him.
Flies and the
17. The
Honey-pot.
A pot of honey in the
shop of a grocer having
been upset, the flies, for the
purpose of licking it up,
gathered round it in swarms,
nor would they move from
the spot while one drop re-
mained.
At length their feet be-
came so clogged that they
could not fly away, and,
stifled in the luscious sweets.
* This is the form of pronoun referred to in Grammar,
page 21, as pointing out the object or possessive case.
Digitized by Google
96
PVSHTO MAirUAL.
haghah shlrim k'^liej Ua&h
shawl, pah 1' w&x awaz jej wa-
wa-jal, '' Tsah bad-ba^tah
ma^uk jhy chih da-parah
da jowah sa'at ^ws^ha'i,
mu abadi 'umir ba*elah ! "
18. Spaey, aw Chirg, aw
Lumbar.
Towah spi aw yowah chirg
'ahd da dosta'i wu-tarah
sarah malgari shawi pah
9afar laral. Shpa*h jej wa
jowa'hdzangal tah wu-rasa-
walah; nur chirg portah wa-
yowej waney tah alwataey,
pah ^hakhuno k'^hey yey
dza'e wu-niwah, aw spaey
k'^hatah tar highey waney
landi nim-lAwabi pre-wot.
Chih shpa*h tera'h sh'wa'h,.
aw rwadz ra-wa-^atala'h aw
sapedey-dagh shVey, chirg
muwafik da dastur ^piil
pah terah awaz sarah bang
shuru' kay. Towah lumbar
da awaz arwedalaey, khiyal
yey wu-tayah chih daey bah
niharaey U^pul k'ram, nur
ra-ghi landi tar highey
waney wudredah, aw hasey
yey chirg tah wu-wey, " Tah
4er ^hseh chirguraey yey, aw
Uba>lko larah hum dier f a-idah
mand yey. K'^hatah ra-
shah chih mujz da sahar
n'mundz sarah wu k'yu aw
pah kbwa^hi sar shu."
they exdaimed with a loud
voice,
" Whatmiserable creatures
are we, who for the sake of
an hour's pleasure have
thrown away our liyes ! "
18. The Dog, the Cock,
and the Fox.
A dog and a cock having
struck up an acquaintance
went out on their travels
together. Night found
them in a forest; so the
cock, flying up on a tree,
perched amongthe branches,
and the dog dozed below at
the foot.
As the night passed away
and the day dawned, the
cock, according to his cus-
tom, set up a shrill crowing.
A fox hearing him, (and)
thinkilig to make a meid
of him, came and stood
under the tree, and thus ad-
dressed him: ''Thou art a
good little cock, and most
useful to thy fellow crea-
tures. Come down, then,
that we may sing our matins
and rejoice together."
d by Google
EXBBCISB8 AHD DIALOGUES.
97
Chirg dzawab warkar, "War
shah, ai dz'ma ihadh. dostah,
wa-tal-tah da waney, aw mu-
azzin ra-wu-bolah chih azan
wu-wa-yi.' Magar pah wakt
da t'Mo da lumbar pah
nijzd da hi^^ey waney chih
haghah ra-wu-boli, spaey,
pah yowah i^ota'h par ghur-
zedalaey, lumbar yey niwal-
aey, mar yej kar.
Fa-idah. — Haghah kasan
chih dam da bsel pah lar
F^he-jz'di aksir bandi pah
^piilah dana'h shi.
19. Zara'h ^hadza'h aw
^um da Sharabo.
Towey zarey ^hadzey yow
^all U^um. da sharabo pah
z'miaka'h prot wu-lidah.
Kih tsah hum yow tgatekaey
lah hugho la'lo muzabo chin
pa-^wa tri dak shawaey woh
pahk'^hey pato shawaey nah
wuh, magar marghub bu-e
jej la wa-rah-guzro-tah
war-kawuh. Buda*i, paza'h
^pula'h har-kadj* cluh tu-
wanedala'h war najzdey
k'ra'h, aw pah tol nafas jej
surnawuh, pah narey sarah
yey wu-wey, "Ai shirinah
tsizah ! yow wakt ^o bah
tsah mazah-darwuhhar-teah
chih pah ta k'^hey wuh, har-
kalah chih khafbel jej hum
hasey 4er dil-kusha daey ! "
The cock replied, " Ck),
my good friend, to the foot
of the tree, and call the mu-
azsin to sound the call."
But as the fox went to the
tree to call him, the dog,
with one spring, leaped out,
seized the fox, and made an
end of him.
Moral. — They who lay
traps for others are often
caught by their own bait.
19. The old Woman and
the Wine-jar.
An old woman saw an
empty wine- jar lying on the
ground.
Though not a drop of the
liquid ruby with which it
had preyiously been filled
remained, nevertheless a
grateful fragrance it still
yielded to the passer by.
The old woman, ap-
plying her nose as close as
she could to it, and sniffing
with all her might, ex-
claimed, " Sweet creature !
how charming indeed must
your contents once have
been, when even the very
dregs are so delicious ! "
dbyGoOgl^
PirSHTO MAiriTAL.
20. ]6^achara*h.
Yowa'h ^achara'h chih
lah sababah da zi'at-wali da
rozinah daney tgorba'h aw
masta'h shawey wa'h yowa'b
wra42 daltah haltah ]^ar-
chiley wahaley, a^ir laka'i
l^puley portah ka^ey, pah
narey sarah yey wu-wey,
" Mor dz'ma shartey aspa'h
wa'h, aw pab bar taur lakab
cbib da ^Wb wa'b zab bum
basey ^bse'b yam." Magar
cbib lab ^ar-tizo wabalo
aw z'^astalo jzir stagey
sb'wa'b, na-tgapab wa-dey'-
tab pab yad sb'wa'b cbib
plar mi fakat kbar wub.
Fa-idab. — Har-yow l^aki-
^at dwab tarafab Ian;
nur pa-^wa tar mu^taraw-
alo da kom yowab lab du-i
nab, ^bseb daey nazar kawul
wa-dwa^o-tab.
20. Tbe Mule.
A mule tbat bad grown
fat and wanton on too great
an allowance of com, one
day, jumping and kicking
about, at lengtb, cocking up
ber tail, exclaimed, "My
dam was a racer, and I am
quite as good as ever sbe
was."
But being soon knocked
up by ber galloping and
frisking, sbe remembered
all at once tbat ber sire was
but an ass.
Moral. — ^Every trutb has
two sides ; bence it is well
to look at botb before we
commit ourselves to eitber.
21. Halak Sbpun aw Le-
wab.
Yowab balak sbpun, cbib
rama'b ^pula'b yey najzd-
ey wa yowab kali tab po-
wula'b dzini wakto yey pab
taur da baza'i nara'b kawal-
a'b, " Lewab ra-^i ! Lewab
ra-gbi ! " Dwab drey warab
yey da cbam pab kar wu-
21. Tbe Sbepberd-boy
and tbe Wolf.
A sbepberd-boy, wbo
tended bis flock not far from
a village, used to amuse
bimself at times in crying
out, "Wolf! Wolf!"
Twice or tbrice bis trick
succeeded.
Digitized by Google
EXSB0I8BS AND DIALOOUBS.
99
raghi. Tamam kalaej bah
pah hax>a'h da dey z'ghastal-
aej wu-ra^lal; magar fol
'iwaz chih du-i pah badalah
k'lOiej da mi^nat ^ptd
mund rish-^and mih.
Akhiru-l-Amar, yowa'h wradz
lewah pah ri^hti-a pah ghelo
gad shah. Halak lah z'rah
narey wu-k'yey ; magar hum-
8a;^aligan yey , hasey pohedali
chih te.sha'h kadima'h bazi
Upula'h kawi, pah naro da
dan yey hits ghw^jz wa-na-
yost, aw lewah rama'h dzab-
lah ^rey k'rala'h. Nur hal-
ak z'dah k'rah, magar chih
kar lah lasah wu-wot, chih
pah daro^.jzanoi'tibarnah
kejzi kih tgah hum ri^hti-a
wa-yi.
22. Karghah aw Man-
gaey.
Yow kari^ah chih lah
tandey najzdey wa marg tah
wuh, pah 46ra'h U^waiha'i
wa yowah mangi tah chih lah
liii yey pah nazar' k'iShe-wat
wal-wat. Magar chih najzd-
ey wu-raghi, wu-yey-lidah
chih aoba'hhombra'h k'^hat-
a'h dey, chih kih har-tgo war
wu-dzaredah aw war wu-
ghazedah,war wa-nah-rasid-
ah. Niir yey wu-gho^ht
chih mangaey mat k'^i ; bi-a
yey wn»gho^ht chih naskor
The whole village came
running out to his assist-
ance; but aU the return
they got was to be laughed
at for their pains.
At last, one day, the wolf
got into the flock indeed.
The boy cried in earnest ;
but his neighbours, sup-
posing him to be at his old
sport, paid no heed to his
cries, and the wolf devoured
the sheep.
So the boy leagued, when
it was too late, that liars are
not to be believed even when
they tell the truth.
22. The Crow and the
Pitcher.
A crow that was ready to
die with thirst, flew with joy
to a pitcher which he saw at
a distance.
But when he came up to
it, he found the water (is)
so low, that with all his
stooping and straining, he
was unable to reach it.
Thereupon he wanted to
break the pitcher; then
again he wanted to upset it ;
Digitized by GoO^ld*
100
P17SHT0 MAiriTAL.
jej k'ri ; magar kuwat yey
da-parah da yowah lah dagho
dwTio karo bas nah wuh.
Atoir, dzini gatey najzd-
ey lidalali, yowa'fi yowa'h,
yey akhistey di^rey yey pah
mangi k'^hey wachawuley,
aw laJi kawulo da dey karah
aoba*h yey tab kfauley pori
da mangi portab ra wu-rasa-
wuley, aw tanda'b k'kbpul-
a'b yey pab mata'b k*ya'b.
Fa-idab. — ^Hunr aw ta'm-
mul pab kar radzi baltab
cbib zor kotab wi, lakab cbib
matal di — " Ibtiyaj mor da
ijad di."
but bis strengtb was not
sufficient to do eitber.
At last, seeing some small
pebbles near at band, be
dropped a great number
of tbem one by one into
tbe pitcber, and, by doing
tbis, raised tbe water to
tbe brim of tbe pitcber,
and by tbat means quencbed
bis tbirst.
Moral. — Sldll and patience
will succeed wbere force
fails, as tbe proverb runs —
" Necessity is tbe motber of
Inyention."
Bundi aw Kungaraey.
Yowab randab sari 'adat
dar-lab, cbib bar-kalab bab
kom d^andar pab las war
kar sbab, i^bowu bab yey
cbib kom jins daey. Yow
wakt yow kungaraey da le-
wab yey war-larab war wor.
Dab las sar tar payab pri
wu-ts'kawub, aw cbib pab
sbakk k'l^bey wub, wu-yey-
wey, " Zab nab pobejzam
cbib plar sta spaey kib lewab
wub, magar bombrab po-
bejzam, cbib zab ta pab
rama'b k'^bey da gsedo nab
sbam pre-i^bowulaey."
23. Tbe Blind Man
tbe Wbelp.
and
A blind man was wont, on
any animal being put into
bis bands, to say wbat it
was.
Once tbey brougbt to bim
a wolfs wbelp.
He felt it all over from
bead to foot, and, as be was
in doubt, said, " I know not
wbetber tby f atber was a dog
or a wolf, but tbis mucb I
know, tbat I would not trust
tbee among a flock of
sbeep."
Digitized by Google
BXBBCISES AHD DIALOGUES.
101
Fa-idah. — ^Bad U^oeunah
pah lialak-walaej ^li*karah
shi.
Moral. — Evil dispositions
are early shown.
24. Sharmai^han aw Gte4- 24. The Wolves and the
ey.
Tow wakt lah wakto,
sharmaihano pai^^am pah
las da astad^ wa gsedo tah
war-stawuh, pah dey lAwah-
ish chih pah gando k'^hey
di STil-ha'h pah mi-yan^
dz'mujz aw stasu wi. Wu-
yey-wayal, "Tsalarah mud-
am da hala-haJ jang sarah
wu-k'rii? Da sharir spi
sabab da tolo fasado di;
du-i tal-tar-talah pah mujz
ajzi-yi, aw tongra-yi. Du-i
ru^^at k'raa'i, aw pas lah
ha^ah pah abadi dosti aw
§ul-ha'h dz'miijz aw stasii
Yihej bah hits harkat bap
pato nah shi." Ahmako
gaedo da khabarey wu-n*gh-
wajzaley, spi ru^^i^at sh'wal,
aw rama'h, lah bihtarino
satandoio beyal shawey, pah
asana'i sarah i^animat da
U^a-ino du^hmanano ^pulo
sh'wal.
26. M'zara'i.
Pah mi-yandz da tolo hai-
wano der bahs shawaey wuh,
chih kom-yow tar niiro bah
pah der-walaey da aulad
Once upon a time, the
wolves sent an embassy to
the sheep, desiring that
there might be peace among
them for the time to come.
"Why," said they,
"should we be for ever
waging this deadly strife?
Those wicked dogs are the
cause of aU; they are inces-
santly barking at us, and
provoking us. Send them
away, and there will be no
longer any obstacle to our
eternal friendship and
The silly sheep listened,
the dogs were dismissed,
and the flock, thus deprived
of their best protectors, be-
came an easy prey to their
treacherous enemy.
25. The Lioness.
There had been a great
stir among all the beasts,
which could boast of the
largest family.
Digitized by Google
102
PUSHTO MAIHTAL.
lafej wu-wahi. Nur du-i
pah w'yandi da m'zara'i wu-
raghlaly aw pii^htana'h jej
tri wu-k'ra'h, « Tah ^o pali
yowah war lang-tun tso ra-
w'rey." Dey pah triw tand-
aey war tah wu-wey, "Tow,
magar hag^ahyow m'zaraey
daey."
Fa-idah. — E^a§§iyat tar
mikdar teraey kawi.
So they came before the
lioness, and inquired of her,
"(And) how many do you
have at a birth ? "
She said, grimly, **^Qne;
but that one is a lion."
Moral. — Quality comes
before quantity.
26. Lewah aw Gse^a^'h.
Tow lewah chih spi khwar-
alaey wuh, aw pah der bad
hal wu-garzedah, lakah chih
tuwan da harkat kawulo yey
nah darlah, yowa'h gfleda'h
chih haltah teredala'h war
wu-yey-ghoi^htala*h. aw ilti-
mas yey tri wu-kay chih teah
aoba'h lah chiney chih hal-
tah najzdey wa'h war larah
ra-w'ri, aw wayal yey, " Kih
tah dz'ma da-parah ts'iihak
ra-Vrey, ^warak bah zah
pa-khpidah paida k'ram."
Gtedey wu-wey, "Ho, zah
pah dey bab k'^hey shakk
nah-laram ; tsalarah chih,
kih zah hombrah najzdey
da-parah da dar-kawulo da
aobo dar sham, tah bah jzir
ma kima'h k'ri."
26. The Wolf and the
Sheep.
A wolf that had been
bitten by a dog, and was in
a very sad case, in such wise
that he was unable to move,
called to a sheep that was
passing by, and begged her
to fetch him some water
from the neighbouring
stream, and said he, " If you
will bring me drink, I will
find meat myself."
The sheep replied, " I
make no doubt of it; for,
if I come near enough to
give you the drink, you will
soon make mince-meat of
me."
d by Google
BZBBCI8BS JOSTD DIIXOGUBS.
103
27. M'zaraej aw nur
darindagan lih'kar kawunH.
M'zari aw nuro darinda-
gano da-parah da t'Mo pah
^h'kar sarah 'ahd wu-kar.
Har-kalah chili yow ^orb
ga-waz yey wu-niwah m'zari
^pul dzkn pah taur da
amin Vrandi ka^r b,w haghah
^h'kar yey drey baUbrey kayi,
hasey 'ainl yey wu-kar:
wu - jej - wey, " Awwala'h
ba^rey bah pah sabab da
man^ab da badshaha*! waU^-
lam dzakah chih badshah
yam ; dweama'h ba^ra'h
bah hi^^a'h ^pula'h wa^-
1am tealarah-chih pa-^pul-
ah pah ^h'kar k'^hey mal-
gar wum; aw pah bab k'^hey
da dreyamey ba^rey — ^har-
t§ok chih hasey jur'at laral
wa-di-aii."
27. The Lion and other
Beasts himting.
The lion and other beasts
formed an alliance to go out
a-hunting.
When they had taken a
fat stag, the lion proposed
himself as commissioner, and
having diyided the game into
three portions, thus pro*
ceeded : said he, " The first
portion I shall take officially
as king, for king I am ; the
second I shall take for my
own personal share in the
chase ; and as for the third
part, let him take it who
dares."
28. Spaey aw Tsaihtan 28. The Dog and his
yey. Master.
Yow sairaey pah safar tah,
ha^ah wakt, spaey Ubpul
pah warah walar lidalaey,
pah narey yey war-tah wu-
wey, " Tsalarah wit ^ulaey
walar gorey ? Da-parah da
t'lalo lah ma sarah taiyari
wu-k'yah." Spi, laka'i 6hor-
awaley, wu-yey-wey, " Ai
A certain man was setting
out on a journey, when, see-
ing his dog standing at the
door, he cried out to him,
"What are you gaping
about ? Get ready to come
with me."
The dog, wagging his tail,
said, "I am all right,
Digitized by Google
104
PUSHTO MAKTTAL.
ffahibah zah musta'idd yam;
ta larah taiyari karey bo-
yah"
Pah Pu^hto hum matal
di. " Wa la^ram tah jqj
wu-wey, *Kuch daey.' Wey
yey, *Dz'ma yowa'h laka'i
da'h.'"
master ; it is you who have
to pack up."
There is a Proverb in
PuiShto likewise. " They
said to the scorpion, ''Tis
time to march.' He replied,
* I have only my tail.' "
29. Bad-^o-e Spaey.
Tow spaey hasey wahshi
aw bad-tto-e wuh, chih
tsaihtan larah jej lazim
wuh chih yow dnind koland
yey pah ghara'h pori wu-tari,
chih lah ttwaralo aw dah-
ralo da ham-sayahgano
U^pulo man'a'h shi. Spaey,
lah dey nughi maghrur sha-
waey, pah bazar k'l^hey yey
dzan zahir kar, kolan4
khpul ^horawulaey chih nuro
war-tah wu-gori. Magaryo-
wah ho^hyar dost yey karar-
karar pah pas-pasey war-tah
wu-wey, " Har kadr kam
shuhrat chih pah dey bab
k'^hey kawey bihtar daey;
da niihana'h da im-tiyaz sta
jaza da nek 'ami nah da'h,
magar nu|^i da bad-nama'i
da'h!"
Fa-idah. — Sayi der wakt-
unah shuhrat pah ghalat
namiis shmeri, aw pah 'iwaz
k'lihey da dey chih shuhrat
29. The Mischievous Dog.
There was a dog so wild
and mischievous, that his
master was obliged to fasten
a heavy clog about his neck,
to prevent him biting and
worrying his neighbours.
The dog, priding himself
on this badge, paraded him-
self in the market-place,
shaking his clog to attract
the attention of others.
But a sly friend of his
whispered to him, and said,
" The less noise you make
in this matter the better;
your mark of distinction is
no reward of merit, but a
badge of disgrace."
Moral. — Men often mis-
take notoriety for fame, and
would rather be remarked
for their vices or their follies
d by Google
BXBBCISBS AND DIALOGXnSS.
105
nah munu num watal pah
*aib aw himakat ^pul
^wa^liawi.
Pah PuiShto wa-yi, — "Tow
saraej wuh, num jej nah
wot. Pah mas j id k'^hey
yey gandagi wu-k'yala'h,
niun yey wu-wot."
than not be noticed at
aU.
They say in Pu^hto —
"There was a man; (but)
he was not noted. He com-
mitted a nuisance inthemas-
jid, and his name got up."
30. Saraey spi dahyalaey.
Tow saraey chih spi dah-
ralaey wuh, daltah haltah
gserzedah, pu^htana'h yey
kawula'h chih 'ilaj dz*ma
tgok kawulaey shi. Tow
saraey chih war-sarah pe^h
shah war tah yey wu-wey,
"Ai ^ahibah, kih ghwarey
jor shey, yowa'h tiikya'h
4oda'i pah wino da haghah
zakhm ^ushta'h k'rah, aw
wa-ha^ah spi tah chih tah
jej dahralaey yey wacha-
wah." Haghah sari, mase-
dalaey, wu-yey-wey, "Kih
zah paJi muafik da ma^lahat
sta 'ami wu-k*ram, lah tolo
spio da i^hahr bah dahralaey
sham."
Fa-idah. — Haghah tsok
chih dzan taiyar da-parah
da perodalo da du^hmanano
^pulo zahirawi muhtaj bah
da dier-wali da du-i nah shi.
30.
Dog.
The Man bitten by a
A man who had been
bitten by a dog was going
about asking if any one
could cure him.
One that met him said,
" Sir, if you would be cured,
take a bit of bread and dip
it in the blood of the wound,
and give it to the dog that
bit you."
The
"If I
adyice, I should be bitten
by all the dogs in the city.'
man, smiling, said,
were to follow your
Moral. — ^He who pro-
claims himself ready to buy
up his enemies will never
want a supply of them."
Digitized by Google
106
PUSHTO MANUAL.
81. Spaey pah A^or
k'^hey.
Towah spi bechawma'li
^pula'h pah yowah a^or
k'l^hej joya'h k'ra'h, aw
haghah dza'e tsamlastalaej,
pah g^apal aw Xsia wahal
jej asan lah tsarah mana'
kawul. Towah lah hugho
wu-wey, " Wu-gora'i, tsah
bad ^o-e spaey daey, chih
pah-Upulah dana'h nah-shi
l^wairaley, aw nah bsel
chih U^warali yey shi war
prejz-di chih wu-yey ^uri."
32. G^umasha'h aw^wa-
yaey.
Towa'h ghumasha^h chih
chaperah pah sar da yowah
ghwayah burnedala'h, a^ir
pah yowah ^h*kar yey k'^he-
nastaJey, lah dah yey da
ta^i^' war-kawulo mu'afi
wu-|^o^hta'h, aw wu-yey-
wey, " Kih drimd-wali ^ma
wa-ta-tah tsah taklif dar-
kawi mihrbani karaey ra-tah
wu-wayah aw zah bah pah
yowah dam k'l^hey lara'h
sham." Gbwayah war-tah
wu-wey, " Pah dey bab
Upul maghzah mah ^urah,
tsalarah chih wa-ma-tah yow
t@!z daey kih pato shey kih
lara'h shey ; aw, kih riihti-a
wu-wayam, zahnahwu-pohe-
dam chih tah haltah wey."
31. The Dog in the Man-
ger.
A dog had made his bed
in a manger, and there
lying, by snarling and
growling, kept the horses
from their provender.
One of them said, "See
what a miserable cur it is !
who neither can eat com
himself, nor will allow those
to eat it who can."
32. The Gnat and the
BuU.
A gnat that had been buz-
zing about the head of a
bull, at length settling her-
self down upon one of his
horns, begged his pardon
for iDcommoding him, and
said, " If my weight at all
inconyeniences you, pray say
so, and I will be o£E in a
moment."
"Oh, never trouble your
brains about that," says the
bull; "for it is all one to
me whether you go or stay ;
and, to say the truth, I did
not know you were there."
d by Google
EXBBCI8B8 AJSTD DIALOGUBS.
107
Fa-idah. — ^Har kadr chili
'ilm kam daey ^iid-bini
ziata'li da'h, masalan da
Pei^hawar ^ud-pasand 'ali-
Moral. — ^The smaller the
mind the greater the con-
ceit, as, for example, the
self-satisfied wise men of
Peshawar.
33. M^zaraey aw drey
Nadlman yey.
M'zari gsBdia'h war-wa-
gho^htala'h aw wa-dey-tah
wu-farmayil, " Wu-wayah
kih dz'ma ^ula'h bad bii-e
lari kih yah." Day dzawab
war-kar, " Ho." M'zari pah
gha^ho sar da dey dzini pre-
kar tsaJarah chih ahmaka'h
yey wu-garnala'h. Nur le-
wah yey wu-gho^ht. aw lah
dahyeypu^htana'h wu-k'ya'h.
Haghah wu-wey, "Yah."
Daey yey tukay tukay kay tsal-
arah chih khushamad-gar
yey wn-shmerah. A^iryey
lumbar war-wu-gho^ht^ aw
lah dah yey suwal wu-kar.
Haghah wu-wey, " Pah
ri^hti-a zah zukam shawaey
yam, paza'h mi banda'h
da'h."
Fa-idah. — ' Akil kasan pah
!Aatar-nako zamano k'^hey
hits nah wa-yi.
33. The Lion and his
three Councillors.
The lion called the sheep,
and asked her, " Say whether
my breath smells bad or
not."
She said, "Ay."
The lion bit off her head
for a fool.
Then he called the wolf,
and asked him.
He said, "No."
He tore him to pieces for
a flatterer.
At last he called the fox,
and asked him the question.
He replied, " Truly I have
got a cold, and cannot
smell."
Moral. — Wise men say
nothing in dangerous times.
34. Dwah Degah.
Bwah degah, yow khaw-
nn, bsel da koto, lah sail-
34. The two Pots.
Two pots, one of earthen-
ware, the other of brass,
Digitized by Google
108
PUSHTO MANUAL.
abah da jowah sind nezah-
wari sli'wal. Dahkotodegwa
kfaawrin tah iltimas karaej
wu-yey-wey, " Kih da'ma
pah tsang aosey khabar-dari
bah di wu-k'ram." Khawrin
wu-wey, " Da waina sta
dera'h mihrbani da'h, magar
lah dey karah ^o zah zi'ati
werejzam; kih tah yawa-
dzaey tsakfao tafawat satal-
aey larey, i^ha-yi chih zah
paJi salamat pah sar da aobo
lar sham, lekin kih miijz
saiah wu-n'i^halu, yakin daey
chih zah bah azar mundal-
aey sham."
Fa-idah. — Parhez wu-
k'raa'i lah dero zorawaro
hamsayahgano; tsalarah
chih, kih sarah wu-n'shla'i,
haghah chih kam-zoraey
daey tabah bah slu.
36. Tabib aw Mariz.
Yowah tabib lah tso mii-
dey pori 'ilaj da yowah
mariz ka-wuh, magarl^ghah
yey pah 'ilaj k'l^hey mar
shah. Pah wakt da put-
awulo tabib pri 'azizano yey
gserzidah, wayal jej, "Kih
haghah g^arib dost dz'miijz
chih haltah daey, fakat lah
shrabo parhez karaey wae
aj^r muwafik 'ilajiinah yey
musta'malawuli haltah bah
were carried down a river in
a flood.
The brazen pot begged
the earthen one, saying, " If
you keep by my side I will
protect you."
The earthen pot said,
" Thank you for your kind
offer, but that is just what
I am afraid of ; if you will
only keep at a distance,
perhaps I may float down in
safety ; but should we come
in contact, I am sure to be
the sufferer."
Moral. — ^Avoid too power-
ful neighbours ; for, should
there be a collision, the
weakest goes to the wall.
35. The Doctor and his
Patient.
A doctor had been for
some time attending upon a
sick man, who, however, died
under his hands.
At the funeral the doctor
went about among the rela-
tions, saying, "Our poor
friend there, if he had only
refrained from wine, and
used proper remedies, would
not have been lying there."
Digitized by Google
BXBBCI8E8 AKD DIALOGUBS.
109
prot nah wuh." Towah lah
wera'h-jzalio dzawab wax
kar, '' Ai nekah ^ahibah, aos
hasey ^abara'h kawul bey-
f a-i<^li da'h ; ta larah baedah
wulitash]^i9 kawul da basey
t§izo bas^ah wakt cbib
mariz da-parah da ^wa^o
jzwandaey wuh."
Ea-idab. — Hasey kejzi
cbib bibtarm na^i-bat mund
sbi pas lab bagbab cbib kar
lab-lasab wu-wat.
36. ^ar aw Kbar-kar.
Yow ttar cbib pab lar
k'^bey tsa^btan pab maj^ab
sbarali, na-tsapab w'randi
wu-tai^btedab, aw lo-ea'b lar
yey pre-ya^bey, pab bar kadr
jz8er-ti-a cbib towanedab
wa-tsandab-tab da yowab
g'rang wu-z'|^ast. Ha^^ab
wakt cbib la bagbab dza'eab
pri Iwedab sbab, tsai^btan
yey mandey wabaley wa-
ra^i, aw tar laka'i jej ting
niwaley, ko^bii^b yey kawub
cbib bi-artab yey war-wu-
kajzi ; magar kb'rsBb muka-
bilab karaey pab ^ilaf da
dab yey zor wabab, nur sari
las dziiii a^istaey, wu-yey-
wey, " Kbair, ai dzo-eab, kib
pab zor dzan malik kawey,
kboy zab na-'ilajab yam.
Bo-yab cbib sar-kaib baiwan
lar ^pula'b wu-nesi."
One of tbe mourners an-
swered bim, " My good sir, it
is of no use saying tbis now ;
you ougbt to liave prescribed
tbese tbings wben your
patient was alive to take
tbem.
Moral. — ^It may so bappen
tbat tbe best advice may
come too late.
36. Tbe Ass andbis Driver.
An ass tbat was being
driven along tbe road by bis
master, suddenly started on
abead, and leaving tbe
beaten track, made as fast
as be could for tbe edge of
a precipice.
Wben be was just on tbe
point of falling over, bis
master ran up, and seizing
bim by tbe tail, endeavoured
to pull bim back ; but tbe
ass resisting and pulling tbe
contraiy way, the man let go
bis bold, saying, " Well,
Jack, if you will be master,
I cannot help it. A wilful
beast must go his own
way."
d by Google
110
PUSHTO MAinXAL.
37. Kaza*li Zarini Jlitga'i
Adiawunkej.
Yow sayaey hasej nek-
nafib wuh chih yowa'h
kaza'h jej darlala*h chih
harah wradz jej yowa'h
zarina'h haga'i achawula'h.
Magar lah hasey susta'i
amadana'i na-razah shawaey,
j^yal yey wu-kay, chih tam-
ama'h ^zana'h pah yow-
ah dam pah kabza'h ra-
Vyi, nur kaza'h jej m'ya'h
k'ya'h; aw geda'hyeytsiraley
t§ah taur yey mundi — ^hasey
lakah chih nur kazan wi !
Fa-idah. — Per zi'ati
ghwayi aw tol tabah k'yi.
37. The Otoose with the
Ck>lden Eggs.
A certain man had the
good fortune to possess a
goose that laid him a golden
egg every day.
But dissatisfied with so
slow an income, and think-
ing to seize the whole trea-
sure at once, he killed the
goose ; and cutting her
open, found her — ^just what
any other goose would be !
Moral. — ^Much wants more
and loses all.
38. Ws^T aw Tsa^htanan
yey.
Yow ^ar chih mal da
yowah baghwan wuh, aw
^warak yey lajz mihnat
yey ier wuh, iltimas yey lah
Jupitarah wu-kar cluh dey
lah khidmatah da ba^^wan
^ala9 k'yi, aw bsel tsaihtan
war-k'ri, Jupitar, lah na-
kbwa^ha'i da dah na-razah
shawaey, daey jej wa yowah
kulal tah. wu-sparah. Aos
pah nazar wa-pa-^wa-tah
bo-yah 4©r lo-e bariinah yosi.
Bi-a yey wa-Jupitar-tah
38. The Ass and his
Masters.
An ass that belonged to a
gardener, and had Httle to
eat and much to do, besought
Jupiter to release him from
the gardener's service, and
give him another master.
Jupiter, angry at his dis-
content, made him over to a
potter.
He had now heavier bur-
dens to carry than before,
and again appealed to Ju-
piter to relieve him, and
Digitized by Google
EXEBCISB8 AND DIAIiOGUBS.
Ill
shikayat wu-kar chih da dah
dast-giri wu-k'ri, aw Jupitar
base J tajwiz wu-kar chih
dey pah kom ti^^iujar wu-
prolah shall. "Khar aos pah
nisbat -wa-w'randini-tah wa
4er bad hal tab wu-rasedab,
aw chih da harey wradz-
ej kar da tsai^btan jey
mulabizah kawub, pah
zgerwaey yey wu - wey,
^' Af SOS ! af SOS ! tsah tor-
baUbtah yam! Dz'ma da-
parah bihtar wuh chih
kana'at mi pah Vrunbamo
tea^htanano karaey wae, tsal-
arah chih zab aos winam
chih aosanaey tsai^btan mi
^o jzwandaey yam yawadz-
aey zrati mihnat bah pah
ma nab kajzi, balkih chih
mar sham tsarman bah mi
biim pre-nah-jz'di ! "
Ea-idab. — Haghab tsok
chih pah yowab dza'e k'^bey
nab ^wa^hah daey, kalah
nab kalah bah bsel dza'e
khwa^h shi.
Jupiter so contrived that he
was sold to a tanner.
The ass having now fallen
into worse hands than ever,
and daily observing how his
master was employed, ex-
claimed, with a groan.
** Alas ! alas ! what a wretch
am I! It bad been better
for me to have remained
content with my former mas-
ters, for now 1 see that my
present owner will not only
work me harder while living,
but will not even spare my
hide when I am dead 1 "
Moral. — He that is dis-
contented in one place will
seldom be happy in another.
39. Ghal aw Spaey.
Yow ^al chih da-parah da
ghla wa yowab kor tab war-
tab gho^ht yey chih ghsb^k da
spi pah achawulo da goley
wa-dah-tah man'a'h k'ri. Spi
war tab wu-wey, " Jzser lab
39. The Thief and the
Dog.
A thief who was coming
to rob a house would have
stopped the barking of a
dog by throwing a sop to
him. The dog said to
him, " Away with you ! I
Digitized by Google
112
PUSHTO MANUAL.
daey dza'eah liri shah! pa-
l^wa tar dey ma der shak-
unah pah tah dar-lal,
magar da bey-haddah mihr-
bani sta wa-ma-tah yakin
kawi chih luchah yey."
Fa-idah. — Ba4a'h pah las
k'l^hey zahiram badi pah
z'rah.
had my suspicions of you
before, but this excess of
civility assures me that you
are a rogue."
Moral. — ^A bribe in hand
betrays mischief at heart.
giriftar
40. Xama-chi
shawaey.
Tow karna-chi pah jang
k'shey giriftar shawaey, pah
dera'h gharibi sarah yey
aman wu-gho^ht. Wu-yey-
wey, "Ai neko ^ahibano,
ma mu'af k'raa'i, aw ma bey-
sababah wa-katl-tah mah
rasawa'i, tsalarah chih ma
pah-^pulah tsok wajzalaey
nah daey, aw pratah lah dey
kama hum hits wasla'h nah
laram." Hugho kasano chih
dey jej giriftar karaey wuh,
wu-yey wayal, "Da-parah
da daghah sabab ]^o bah
jzser wa-katl-tah wa-rasejzi,
tsalarah chih pah-^pulah
lah j angkawulo bey hrmatah,
nur ^alk pah jang aw ^un-
rezi patsawey."
Fa-idah. — Ha^^ah saraey
chih da-parah da jang nur
patsawi der bad daey tar
hugho chih pah t'lShey
sharik di.
40. The Trumpeter taken
prisoner.
A trumpeter having been
taken prisoner in battle,
begged hard for quarter.
Said he, "Spare me, good
sirs, I beseech you, and put
me not to death without
cause, for I have killed no
one myself, and save this
trumpet I have no other
arms."
They who had seized him
said, " For this very reason
shall you the sooner die, for
without the spirit to fight
yourself, you stir up others
to warfare and bloodshed."
Moral. — He who incites
to strife is worse than those
who take part in it.
d by Google
BXBBOISSS AND DIALOOIFBB.
113
41. Musafiran aw Tabar.
Dwo sayo pah yowa'li lar
k'^hej safar kawiih, haghah
wakt yowali lah du-io yow
tabar Iwe-dalaey wa^ist
aw wu-yey-wey, " Wu-gorah
chib ma tsah tsiz mundal-
aey daey!" Ha^ah bssl
wu-wey, "Mab wayab chib
*nia,* balkib *mujz,' mun-
dalaeydaey." Paslablajzey
madey, hagbo saro chib
tabar wuruk ka^raey wu ra-
l^lal, aw par baghab sa^raey
cbib tabar war dzakbab wub
tubmat da ^la yej ke-sbod.
Hagbab wa-malgari UpiQ
tab wu-wey, " Af sos ! * mu jz *
balak sb*wu ! " Ha^ab
bsel dzawab war-kar, " Mab
wayab cbib 'mujz' balak
sb'wu ; balkib wayab * zab '
balak sb'wam, dzakab cbib
hagbab saraey cbib nab
pre-jz'di cbib dost yey
l[^i99a'b-dar da ni'mat sbi,
bo-yah cbib ^iyal wa-nab-
k'ri chib hi^^a'b-dar da
Sdtatar bah yey shi."
42. Zor Sairaey aw Marg.
41. The Travellers and
the Hatchet.
Two men were travelling
along the same road, when
one of them,' picking up a
hatchet, cried out, "See
what thing I have found ! "
The other said, " Do not
say * I,' but that * we ' have
found."
After a while, up came
the men who bad lost
the hatchet, and charged the
man who bad it with the
theft.
He said to his companion,
"Alas! *we' are undone"
"Do not say *we' are
undone," replied the other ;
but say * I ' am undone ; for
he that will not allow bis
friend to share the prize,
must not expect him to share
the danger."
Yowab zarah saira^y cbib
yow lo-e gedaey da largio
yey aliistey wa'h 4era.'h lar
t'lalaey wub, basey stayaey
shah cbib baghab ge4aey
42. The old Man and
Death.
An old man that bad
v^ .w^^.w travelled a long way with a
4era'h lar huge bundle of sticks, found
himself so weary that be
cast it down, and called
Digitized by Google^
114
PUBHTO MANITAL.
jej wu-ghnrzawTih, aw
marg jej wu-gho^ht chili
wa-dah-tah lah dey derey
zaliley zindagana'i khpulej
khalagi war-k'n. Marg
barabar da balalo da dah
jzir hazir shah, aw pulh-
tana'h jej tri wu-k'ra'h chih,
" Tsah ^warey ? " Ha^ah,
pah hairat k'^hey Iwe-da-
laey, wu-yey-wey, " Ai nekah
^ahibah, mihrbani karey
fakat pah bi-a akhistalo
k'^hey da gedl wa-ma-tah
madad ra k'rah."
Fa-idah. — Gho^htal da
marg yow tsiz daey, aw ra-
t*lunkaey lidal yey bsel tsiz.
43. Da Na^htar Wana'h
aw Karkaraa'h.
Towey waney da na^htar
yowa'h wradz pah nijzdey
da karkaraey lafey shafey
wahaley war-tah wu-yey-
wey, "Tah bi-l-kuU pah hits
kar nah yey ; niagar ^ah
anbar-^aney aw kom kor-
unah bey lah ma bina ke-
daJi shi ? " Karkaraey war-
tah wu-wey, "Ai nekah
fahibah, haghah wakt chih
tar-karaan lah tabaro aw
oro ^pulo sarah daltah ra-
shi, tso fidia'h bah di shan-
daley wa*h kih nasShtar nah
yowah karkara wey ? "
Fa-idah;-Maskina'h baU^-
npon Death to deliver him
from his most miserable
existence.
Death came straightway
at his call, and asked him,
"What do you want?"
He, filled with terror, re-
plied, " Pray, good sir, do
me but the favour to help
me up with my burden
again."
Moral. — It is one thing
to call for Death, and another
to see him coming.
43. The Fir-tree and the
Bramble.
A fir-tree was one day
boasting itself to a bramble,
(and) said to it, ** You are
of no use at all; but how
could barns and houses be
built without me ? "
The bramble replied,
" Good sir, when the wood-
men come here with their
axes and saws, what would
you give to be a bramble
andnotafirP"
Moral. — ^A humble lot in
Digitized by Google
SZBBCIBSB AND DIALOOUBB.
116
ra'h pah salamat k'i$liej
bihtara*h da'h lali ^ataro
chih charperah par lo-eano
aw mutakabbirano wi.
44. Bu4a''i &w sohelal
yey.
Yowey zarey kun^ey
boiSh-yarey dwey subela'i
darlaley, chih haghah bah
yey tal pah wakt da chirg
bang wa-U^idmat-tah wa-
larawuley. Suheliodasa^ar-
^ezi dera'h na-pasandaley,
yow lah baBlah jksj sarah
karar wu-tarah chih*|^af a'h
da chirg p8cha]ey wa-yey-
wajzDi, lah dey jihatah chih
dey pah sabab da wi^hawulo
da mir-maney khpuley pah
lo-e sahar k'^hey sabab da
Jolo mihnato da du-i wuh.
Har-kalah chih du-i da kar
wufkar, hi^^ey zayey ^a^ib-
ey, mudaml bang-kawun-
kaey khpul nah darlalaey,
weredunkey sh'wa'h chih
nah - bada pah - ^pula'h
bah zi'ata'h widah shi, nur
tal bah yey wakt i^alata-
wuh, aw du-i bah yey nima'h
shpa'h wi^hawuley.
Fa-idah. — Lah haddah
zi'ati hila'h bazi aksir khpul
dzan tah daghah war-kawi.
45. Na-jojah M'zaraey.
Towm*zaraey,chihlahjih.
atah da kam-zora'i da zarli-a
security is better than the
dangers that encompass the
high and haughty.
43. The old Woman and
her Maids.
A thrifty old widow kept
two servant-maids, whom
she used to call up to their
work at cock-crow.
The maids, disliking ex-
ceedingly this early rising,
determined between them-
selyes to wring off the cock's
neck and kill him, as he was
the cause of their trouble
by waking their mistress so
early.
They had no sooner done
this than the old lady, miss-
ing her usual alarum, and
afraid of over-sleeping her-
self, continually mistook the
time of day, and roused
them up at midnight.
Moral. — Too much cun-
ning often over-reaches itself.
46. The Sick Lion.
A lion, no longer able,
from the wetness of old
Digitized by VjOCq ^
116
PtTBHTO MAHITAL.
pah gando k'ihej tuwan da
ih'k^ kawulo da-parah
da ^warak nah darlah,
pah ghar ^pnl k'&ej k'^he-
nasi, aw nafas pah der
mushkil k'lhalaej, pah
naraey ahwaz sarah, jej
xahirV|ral chih zahlah^ad-
dah zi-at na-jo|rah yam.
Da awaza'h pah ^erah tal-
war sarah pah mi-yandz
k'ihey da ^aiwanano mash-
hura'h sh'wa'h, aw derey
jza^a aw arman lah jihatah
da dah wu-shah. Yow pas
lah bselah jej 'ijadej larah
wa-raghlal ; magar, m'zari
du-i hasej bejal beyal, aw
pah ghar ^pul k'^hej mun-
dali, pah asani jej ghanimat
l^pul k'ral, aw pah dey
ta'am tsorb shah. Lumbar,
lah rasta'i da dey ahwaza'h
pah guman k'^hej Iwe-da-
laej, a^ir da-parah da
'iyadej yey wa-raghi^ aw
tea^o liri daredalaey pu^h-
tana'h da hal da kihlahe-
'alam ^pul yey wu-k*ra*h.
llTzar! wu-wey, "Ao, lah-
tolah-nah 'azizah dostah
dz'ma, da tah yey ? Waley
hasey liri lah ma walaf jej f
Najzdey ra-shah, ai ^'ma
shinnah yarah, aw da 'ajiz
m'sari paJi ghwajz k'lhey,
duh lajz wa^t da jzwandun
ka$» yowa'h U^bara'h da
age, to hunt for his prey,
laid himself up in ms
den, and, breathing with
great difficulty, and ispeak*
ing with a low voice, gave
out that he was yery ill
indeed.
The report soon spread
among the other beasts, and
there was great lamentation
for the sick Hon.
One after the other came
to see him ; but, the lion
catching them thus alone,
and in his own den, made
an easy prey of them, and
grew fat upon his diet.
The fox, suspecting the
truth of this matter, came
at length to make a visit of
inquiry, and standing at
some distance, asked his
majesty how he did.
The lion said, "Ah, my
dearest friend, is it you?
Why do you stand so far
from me? Come near,
sweet friend, and pour a
word of consolation in the
poor lion's ear, who has but
a short time to live."
d by Google
XZSB0I8B8 AHD DIALOOUB8.
117
i^Xah da 4>^ wu-k'^ah."
Lumbar pah dzawab k'lhey
war-tah wu-wej, " Wish,
thndae di pah zerma'h
shah ! waley chih fur^at da
patedalo nah laram mu'af
ml k'x^i, ^alarah chih,kih
ri^hti-a wu-wajam, zah ^er
dzal-baland shVam lah lida-
k) da palo chih daltah pah
nazar ra-dzi ^aJarah (olah
wa ghar sta tah dar-ghali
di, aw jow hum bi-jartah
ra-watakey nah daey."
Fa-idah. — Nanawatah
pah karo k'lhey asan daey
tar watah; aw fakat rasmi
ho^hyari da'h chih pa-khwa
tar sar dananah kawalo lar
da da-dabandi watalo wu-
goru."
46. Lewah pah jama'h
k'^hey da Gs^^ej.
Yow wakt lah wal^to yow-
ah lewah ka^d wu-kaf chih
9urat ^pul tabdil k'fi, hasey
khial kairaey chih pah dey
shan bah gugran khpal ^er
asan mum!. Nur, warg da
yowey gse^ey aghustaey^
hasey ts^bir yey wu-kai*
chih pah yowa'h rama'h
k'^hey da gse^o daUiil shah,
aw lah du-i sarah tsaridah,
hasey chih shpun hum lah
hag^lah makrah fareb wu-
The fox, in reply, said io
him, '* Qod bless you ! but ex-
cuse me if I cannot stay, for,
to tell the truth, I feel quite
uneasy at the mark of the
footsteps that I see here, for
all are pointing towards your
den, and not one returning
outwards."
Moral. — Affairs are easier
of entrance than of exit;
and it is but common pru-
dence to see our way out
before we venture in."
46. The Wolf in Sheep's
Clothing.
Once upon a time, a wolf
resolved to disguise himself,
thinking that he should thus
gain an easier livelihood.
Having, therefore, clothed
himself in a sheep's skin, he
contrived to get among a
flock of sheep, and feed along
with them, so that even
the shepherd was deceived
by the imposture.
d by Google
118
PU8HTO HEANUAL.
kbor. Lakah chih shpa'h
sh'wah aw shpol wu-tafab
shall, lewali hum lah gsd^o
sarah band shah, aw war
wu-tarahsbah. Magarbasej
wa-sh'wab chih sbpun, wa
kom tsiz tab da-parab da
Bhumey khpuley l^ajat-mand
shawaej, da-parab da da-
bindi ra-wustalo da yowey
gBB^QJt dananab nana-wot,
magar lab ^alatab lewab
yow lab du-i shmeralaey,
ra-wu-yey-yost, aw jzir jej
halal ka|r.
When night came on and
the fold was closed, the
wolf was shut up with the.
sheep, and the door made
fast. But it so ha])pened
that the shepherd, wanting
something for his supper,
went in to fetch out a
sheep, but mistaking the
wolf for one of them,
brought him out, and killed
him on the spot.
47. Snb'kari Spaey aw
Soeya'h.
Yow i$h'kari spaey pas lab
4ero z'ghastalo pah yowey
goeyey pasey,* pah akhlr
k'^ey barabar wa dey tab
wa-rasedab, awwal bah yey
daharala'b bl-a bah yey t@ft-
tala'h. Soeya'h, pah matlab
da dey kar da dab nab-
pohedalaey, wu-yey-wey,
" Kib tab ml dost yey, nur
t^alarab ml dhafey? aw kib
duihman yey ^alarah
nuna'h ra samb kawey ? "
Fa-idah. — Mubham dost
bad-tar daey tai ya^in
duftiman ; bo-yah chih saf-
47. The Hound and the
Hare.
A hound, after long chas-
ing a bare, at length came
up to her, and kept first
biting and then licHng her.
The hare, not knowing
what to make of this, said to
him, "If you are my friend,
why do you bite me ? but if
a foe, why do you caress
me?"
Moral.— tA doubtful friend
is worse than a certain
enemy : let a man be one
* t.e. pas yey. See Dictionary, p. 1105.
Digitized by Google
SXBBCISS8 AVB DIALOGtTBS.
119
aey ya yow tsiz wi ya bsel,
nur ha^ab wakt pohejzu
chih pah t§ah shan lah dah
sarah mukabilah wu-k*fu.
48. 'Arab aw tJ^h.
Yowah 'Arab u^h khpul
le^halaey, pu^htana'b yey tri
wu-k'ra'b chih " wa-lVara'b
lar-tab t'lal ^wa^hawey kih
wa-dz'waya'b lar." C^h pah
kinayah sarah wu-wey,
'' Ts^, ai tsaihtanah, da
samey lar 'ubiir da maidan
band shawey da'h ? "
49. !Qar pah tsarman da
M'zari.
Yowah kh'rah tsarman da
m'zari aghiistey. harah kb^a
tab gsBrzedab, (ol ahmsik
haiwanan chih pah pri pe^h
sh'wal werawtd yey, aw, yow
lumbar lidalaey,pah ko^hi^h
shah chih da ham wa*wera-
wi. Magar lumbar, awaz
da dah arwedalaey, wu-yey-
wey, " Pah tahkik, zah bah
hum weredalaey wum, kih
naral sta mi arwedalaey nab
wa'e."
Fa-idah. — Haghah kasan
cbib yow wa^f chih hakk
jej nab wi pah dzin pori
^a^awi aksir waktunab lah
ziyadati kawulo pah hajg^ab
k'^hey Upul dzan ^ha-yi.
thing or the other, and then
we know how to meet him.
48. The Arab and the
Camel.
An Arab having loaded
his camel, asked him whether
he preferred* going up hill
or down hill.
The camel dryly replied,
**PrAy, master, is the
straight way across the pk^n
shut up?"
49. The Ass in the Lion's
Skm.
An ass baying put on a
lion's skin, roamed all about,
frightening all the silly
anim^ls be met with, and,
seeing a fox, he tried to
alarm him also.
But Bavnard, having
heard his voice, said to him,
"Well, to be sure! and I
should hive been frightened
too if I had not heard your
bray."
Moral. — They who assume
a character that does not
belong to them generally
betray themselves by over*
acting it.
d by Google
120
PUSHTO KANIFAL.
50. Da :^'rah Seo-raej. 50. The Ass's Shadow.
Yowah lah j^ud-pasandah
'alimano da Pei^hawar, pah
yowa'h toda'h rwadz k'^hey
da wop, da-parah da sware-
dalo ^pul jow Ubar pah
kiraha'h wa^ist chih lah
Pe^hawarah Hoti Mardan
larah t'lalaey wa. yowah
Earangi shagird ]^pul tah
jzabah da " Pakshto " ta'lim
k'ri. Pah nima'h rwadz k'shey
gharmahhasey swunki sh'wal
chihk'^hatah 8hawaey,ghosht
yey chih pah seo-ri k'^hey
da kh'rah arkh wu-lagawi.
Magar, da j^'rah sharunkaey
da-parah da ha^ah dza'e
lah dah sarah jagara'h wu-
k'ra'h, hasey wayal yey chih,
"Hak^ dz'ma da-parah da
dey dza'e sta tar hakkah
zi'ati daey." Ebud-pasand
'alim wu-wey, "Tsah! ma
Ubar da drast safar da-parah
pah kirahah akhistaey nah
daey ? " Haghah bsel wu-
wey, " Ho, ta ]^ar pah kira-
hah akhistaey daey, lekin
nah seo-raey da ^'rah."
Pah dey mi-yandz F^hey
chih du-i jagafa'h da-parah
da haghah ^a'e sarah ka-
wula'h, Ubar, na-tsapah lah
haghah dza'eah wa-lori-tah
da mairey ta^htedalaey la^r.
One of the self-sufficient
wise men of Peshawar, one
hot summer's day, hired an
ass in order to proceed from
Peshawar to Hoti Mardan to
teach a Earangi pupil of his
the Pakshto language.
At mid-day the heat of
the sun was so scorching,
that, haying dismounted, he
would have sat down to re-
pose himself under the
shadow of the ass. But the
ass driyer disputed the
place with him, declaring
that, *' I haye a greater right
to this place than you."
"What!" said the self-
sufficient wise man, " did I
not hire the ass for the
whole journey ? "
The other replied, " Yes,
you have hired the ass, but
not the ass's shadow."
While they were thus en-
gaged in wrangling and
fighting for the pla^, the
ass suddenly took to his
heels and ran off to the
desert.
d by Google
XZXB0IBE8 AND DIALOOUS8.
121
51. :|^ar Le^halaej pah 51. The
Malgah. Salt.
Ass
carrying
Yowah purdah - f arosh
chih jow khar satah, hasey
arwedalaey chih mal^Ekh pah
tsaii^^ da daryab arzana'h
pah las ra-dzi, ^ar ^pul
yey wa hi^ih khwa tah da-
paxah da ra-nlwalo da tsa^bo
iah highey bot. Tro haiwan
Uipul yey pah har l^adr chih
jQj w'yalaey shah le^halaey,
wa kor ^pul tah yey ra-
wahah, magar, haghah wakt
chih du-i Iah yowey ^hwa-
yandey parshey teredal,
yiar k'^hata'h pah sind
k'^hey pre-wat, aw lualga'h
aoba'h shawey, dey Iah
U^polah barah ^ala? shah,
nur pah asani wa-tganjah*
tah wu-rasedah, pah E»far
^pul Virandi spuk pah
dzan aw pah nafs rawan
shah. Haghah ^urdah-
&ro8h pas Iah lajzey miidey
bl-a wa-t§an4ah tah da dar-
yab da-parah da ra-niwalo
da tsa^o niirey malgey laf
shah, aw ^ar yey pah nisbat
wa-awwal-tah (kih muiukin
A certain huckster who
kept an ass, hearing that
salt was to be had cheap at
the sea-side, took down his
ass thither to buy some.
Then having loaded the
beast as much as he could
bear, he was driving him
home, when, as they were
passing a slippery ledge of
rock, the ass fell into the
stream below, and the salt
being melted, the ass was
relieved of his bui'den, and
then, having gained the bank
with ease, pursued his jour-
ney onwards light in body
and in spirit.
The huckster soon after-
wards again set off for the
sea-shore to bring some
more salt, and loaded the
ass (if it were possible)
yet more heavily than be-
fore.
* This noun is masculine in the Western dialect, and
belongs to the first form of the 6th Declension, like many
others of the same class.
d by Google
122
PUSHTO MANUAL.
wae) zi'ati wu-le^hali. Pah
wakt da bi-yartah ra-t'lalo
da du-i, lakah cliih 'ubur jej
kawuli lali liaghah sindali
chih ^ar w'randi pali k'sliej
pre-wataey wuh, ^ar pah
ka^d pre-wat, aw lah aoba'h
ah'walo da malgey, bi-a lah
^pulah barah khalas sLah.
Tsashtan jey, lah dey nuk-
^anah pah ghazab shawaej,
fikr yey wu-kar chih pah
kom taur 'ilaj da dey chal
da dah wu-k'rl, nur pah bsel
war chih yey saf ar wa-tsand-
ah tah da daryab wu-kar
dzanawar khpul yey pah
sfanjo wu-le^hah. Haghah
wakt chih du-i pah pa-^wa-
naey shan wa haghah sind
tah wu-rasedal, W^'rah kadim
chal ttpul shurii' kar, aw
^pul dzan yey pah aoba'h
k'shey wu-r'gharawuh ; ma-
gar sfanjuno bi-l-kuU lawnd-
ah sham, pah wakt k'shey da
t'lalo wa-kor-tah» U^ar pah
l^pul nuk^an wu-pohedah,
chih pah 'iwaz da spukawulo
da bar khpul, ha^ah yey
zrati tri dwuo hi^^o druud
karaey wuh.
Fa-idah. — Yow rangah
'amlunah bah muwafik da
har hal nah shi ; aw hasey
bah wi chih miijz haghah
yow chal yow war zi'ati wu-
-k'rii.
On their return, as they
crossed the stream into
which he had formerly
fallen, the ass fell down on
purpose, and, by the dis-
solving of the salt, was
asrain released from his load.
His master, provoked at
the loss, and thinking how
he might cure him of this
trick, on his next journey
to the coast freighted his
beast with a load of sponges.
When they arrived at the
same river as before, the ass
was at his old tricks again,
and rolled himself into the
water ; but the sponges be-
coming thoroughly wet, he
found to his cost, as he pro-
ceeded homewards, that
instead of lightening his
burden, he had more than
doubled its weight.
Moral. — ^The same mea-
sures will not suit all cir-
cumstances; and we may
chance to play the same
trick once too often.
d by Google
KXSB0IBB8 AND DIALOGITBS.
123
52. Najum-gar.
Yow najum-gar hara'h
slipa'li da-parah da mula-
hizejkaw^ulo da storio da*
bandi taL Nur yowa'h
shpa'hhasey wu-shVah cliih,
najum-gar pah chaperah da
^hahr gserzedah, tamamey
ande^lmej ^puley yey pah
asman VShey dubey slmwcy,
pah yowah tsah pre-wat.
Pah narey wahalo aw f aryad
kawulo da dah, yowah sap
chih wa-waila yey war-we-
dah z'^astalaey war-larah
wa-rag^, aw pas lah g^wajz
nlwalo wa-ki99ey-tah da dah,
war-tah wu-yey-wey, " Ai
nekah saraeya, pah ha^ah
wakt Vshey chih tah ko^hi^h
kawey da-parah da tajassus
kawulo pail asraro da f alak,
lah 'amo tsizo chih landi tar
piho sta di ^^aflat kawey."
53. HalakaTi aw Chan-
gaShey.
Towah tolgi da ha-
lakano pah tsan^a'h da
yowey dandey bazal kawul-
aey, haghah wakt tso chan-
ga^hey pah aoba'h k'^hey lid-
ali, baran da 4^^^^o J^y
pah du-i ao-rawul shuru'
k'l*al. Tso lah dey gharibah
ma^liikah yey la wajzali
^ejf chih yowah lah du-i
52. The Astronomer.
An astronomer used to
walk out every night to gaze
upon the stars.
It hapi)ened one night
that, as he was wandering in
the outskirts of the city,
with his whole thoughts
rapt up in the skies, he fell
into a well.
On his holloaing and cry-
ing out, one who heard lus
cries ran up to him, and
when he had listened to his
story, said, " My good man,
while you are trying to pry
into the mysteries of heaven,
you overlook the common
objects that are under your
feet."
53. The Boys and the
Frogs.
A troop of boys were
playing at the edge of a
pond, when, perceiving a
niunber of frogs in the
water, they began to pelt at
them with stones.
They had already killed
many of the poor creatures,
when one more hardy than
Digitized by Google
■E- vm^ ar dr rat. puftting bis head
JML JiO: ATw'^ 3^1 mill mm. c£ the vator, cried oat
«:^. »c&^ v^v^vEBT-'a^^ra- «» tlKKy'Stop jour cruel
£^&^ '^.l^ ^ :ini 12U^£l oi ^crC^ mj hds; consider,
>r^^Tim»M: iiua^ jg^njn^ t^tt wlat is pbj to jon is
irxoKinFr 2:^3Sfc^ . Hnnfwi»» fcarti to vs."
. ^acBT nice isk^ csPjaaoM.
^^ ?Sk- vr r«^ liiaa M. Tlie fkkhar and his
Tap I)>Mightffii
.■^tTJT ^11 A KaM wlio had two
r^;^ ifecrfti^E ^i^EK'^iwrnft ^batshtezs, Barned one to a
•^■bi: j^^r^^vsrii^TiLrii^- pu^itBia, the other to a
- 'vna ru;ikl «kr I^ Ak After a time he paid a
vttt ^tbof^ Aa ^ij^-wa Tist to the gardener's, and
iaoa .aMiiic*sa: B& s^iiiikis MJi il his dao^ter how she
was^oiC^*^ M^ ^iic% l:-^^&sn'% waa, aad how it fared with
- * isiO^ ^rr «iC!;akw^iKk>&'V her,
t- ^*tS3rM2sl^3;j<2i^ * W ^a-
^^v)^ ^E«>4ar. -^ReI aa*T; She icpKed, '^ ExceUentl j
^Bu:? ^lacs^ak ^o^i ^^cm well; we have ererything
fib^-n. ->^ ^nih.^hea^ ^mwa^ tk^ we want; I have but one
*^» ^%««»^ ^:iL iitffaV>. <;k:k |HV«r, that we maj have a
t . "tt^V^jfv <ttacn«k >tvw «iij^ heavr storm of rain to water
vv^i^t*. ^^t;?t& wr^^i^ <k;h svpfauftts."
t^*' X^ :?iir ^ Wjii
^K^^'wwt^o.k.awakLwil IV» the father set off to
^ >iiii». * >3E-t i^:Mue5 5HtT Ae potter's, and asked his
%^;^t5sax*;^^*afc^ K^k<5 ^ other daughter how matters
^^ ^N«Kiair A^k "*^K:i| wcfttwkhher. SherepUed,
^jw w^^^^^nk <i:,h aw|| «?^ "There is not a
"^ *^-^^^ -^ iMi^ag ym, thug ws want, and I only
Digitized by Google
BZSBOISS8 AVD DIALOOITSS.
125
aw zah yawadzaey da umld
laram cluh da ^hflB'h hawa
aw tod n'mar pato shi, da-
parah dapa^awalo da lo^hio
dz'iiiujz." Plar wa-yey-
wey, "Dreghali! Dreg^h!
kih tab ghoihtikney da ihedj
hawa yey, aw khor di da
baran da'h, nurzah da-parah
da komey yowey du'a wu-
k'yam?"
hope this fine weather
and hot sun may continue,
to bake our tiles."
''Alack! alack!" said
the father, " if you wish for
fine weather, and your sister
for rain, which am I to pray
for myself?"
55. Serla'I aw Lewah.
Towa'h serla'i chih lah ram-
ey awarah shawey wa'h yow-
ah lewah pah makhah k'fa'h.
Har-kalah chih dey wu-lldah
chih hits baBl umid da nijat
nah-shtah, ma^ yey wa-
lewah - tab war - gurzawuh
aw war-tab yey wu-wey,
** Ma-larah Ubo kabtd-
awul bo-yah chih albattah
fidia'h sta yam, magar lah
dey sababah chih jzwandun
^'ma aos lajg baki daey,
prejz-dah chih pah U^wa^h!
ter shi. Nur tab tsa^o
shpela'i wu-wahah, aw zah
bah ga4e]zam." Pah wal^t
da shpelal wahalo da ]ewah
aw ga4edalo da serla'i, spio
haghah saz arwedalaey, da
parah da lidalo chih haltah
tsah kejzi z'ghastali ra-f^ilaly
aw lewah kliwaih wuh chih
55. The
Wolf.
Kid and the
A kid that had strayed
from the herd was pursued
by a wolf.
When she saw all other
hope of escape cut off, she
turned round to the wolf
and said to him, ** I must
allow, indeed, that I am your
victim; but as my life is
now but short, let it be a
merry one. So do you pipe
for a while, and I will
dance."
While the wolf was piping
and the kid was dancing,
the dogs, hearing the music,
ran up to see what was going
on, and the wolf was glad
to take himself oSt as &tst
as hie legs could carry him.
Digitized by Google
126
PTJSHTO MANUAL.
tashiif pah har-kadr jzir-
walaej tso pshej tar landi
dzi lah haghah dza'eah josi.
Fa-idah. — Haghah sari
chih da-parah da kawulo da
yowah be-hudah kar p^ha'h
da-bandi lah lari aejz'di, nah
bo-yah chih ta'jjub wu-k'yi
kih lah mundalo da ghani-
mat j^ata shi.
Moral. — He who steps
out of the waj to play the
fool, must not wonder if he
misses the prize.
56. Da Jang As aw iQ^ar. 56. The Charger and the
Yow da jang as pah Idbseh
bargastawan arastah shaw-
aey lakah tandara'h ghara
kawunkaey pah yowa'h lar
teredalaey, hasad da yowah
gharib feb'rah pateawuh
chih pah drund bar pah sha
darlalaey pah ha^^ah lar
pah karar karar tah. Ha^ah
ma^rur as wu-wey . " Dza*-
ma lah lari wu-wuzah ! kih
nah tar p^ho bah di landi
paemal k^am." Kh'rah hits
war- tah wu-nah-wey, magar
pu^a'h kbiiWh wa-tsan^ah-
tah shah chih as ter shi.
Pas lah tiak^o mudey haghah
da jang as pah jango k'^hey
hazir wuh, aw pah yowan
jang sa^t za^m a^staey,
da-parah da lashkara'i kar
na-la-i^ wu-gserzedah, aw
da-parah da kar da pafi da
yowah zamindar was-tawuh
A charger adorned with
fine trappings came thun-
dering along the road, ex-
citing the envy of a poor
ass who was trudgring along
the same way with a heavy
load upon his back.
The proud horse said,
" Get out of my road ! or I
shall trample you under my
feet."
The ass said nothing, but
quietly moved on one side
te let the horse pass.
Not long afterwards the
charger was engaged in the
wars, and being badly
wounded in a battle, was
rendered unfit for mOitaiy
service, and sent to work on
the lands of a farmer.
Digitized by Google
EXBBCI8ES AND DIAI^OUES.
127
sliali. Nur chih li'rah dej
pah der mihnat sarah yowah
drunda*h gada'i tskawulej
wu-lidah, haghah wakt wu-
pohedah chih tsah kadr lajz
sabab wuh ma larah hasad
kawul lah hasey kasah sarah
chih, pah wakt da ikbal
Mipul pah sabab da mag^rur
mizaj, wuruk karl wu haghah
dostan chih dah-larah bah
yey pah wakt k'^hey da zarur-
at madad kawuh.
57. Lewah aw liTzaraey.
Yowa'hrwadz lewah yowa'h
geeda'h lah shpalah* a^is-
tey wa'h, aw har-kalah chih
wa ghar khpul tah jej
w'ra'h, lah yowah m'zari
sarah pe^h shah, chih las-
pah-las jej gseda'h dzini ra-
niwaley tri yo-yey-w'ra'h.
Lewah, liri daredalaey, nara'h
■yey war-tah wu-k'ya'h, " Der-
a'h da sharin ^abara'h da'h
chih m'zari dz'ma mal ra-
dzakhah^ghla kayaey daey."
M'zari wu k'handal, aw wu-
yey-wey, "Niir, zah ^iyal
kawum, chih magar haghah
So when the ass saw
him dragging with great
labour a heavy waggon,
he understood how little
reason he had to envy one
who, by his overbearing
spirit in the time of his pros-
perity, had lost those friends
who might have succoured
him in the time of need.
57. The Wolf and the
Lion.
One day a wolf had seized
a sheep from a fold, and
when carrying him home to
his own den, he met a lion,
who straightway laid hold
of the sheep and bore it
away.
The wolf, standing at a
distance, cried out to him,
''It is a great shame that
the lion has robbed me of
my own."
The lion laughed, and
said, " I suppose, then, that
it was your good friend the
* This is the second variety of the 4th Declension here.
The Eastern Afghans decline it as the first variety of the
2nd Declension.
Digitized by Google
PUSHTO MANUAL.
nek dost sta ya'ni shpun wuh
chih gsBda'h jej wa-ta-tah
batt^haley dar k'ra^ET^
58. Lewah aw Shpanah.
Towah lewah dananah pah
jowah tsapar k'^hey katalaey
dzini shpanah chih (uk^a'h
da geedey ghwasha^h jej pah
khwa^hi sarah ^wa^ala'h
wu-lidal, wu-yey-wey, " Tsah
saMita'b hangama'h bah dey
ttalko patsawuley wa'h kih
yey zah basey shumey khway-
finkaey mundalaey wae.'*
Fa-idah. — Sari ]Ao aksir
ka-il di pah zamm kawulo
da hu^o karuno da nuro
chih pa-Upulah yey du-i
musta'malawi.
shepherd who gave the
sheep to you*'
58. The Wolf and the
Shepherds.
A wolf looking into a
hut and seeing some shep-
herds comfortably regaling
themselves on a joint of
mutton, said, "A pretiy
row would these men have
made if they had caught
me at such a supper."
Moral. — Men are too apt
to condemn in others the
very things that they prac-
tise themselves.
59. Mis-gar aw Spaey
Yow mis- gar wuh chih
vow workaey spaey jej dar-
lah. Pah (ol wakt cinh bah
dah mis pah tsatka'i takawul,
spi bah ^ub kawuh ; magar
har-kalah chih bah dey pah
^warak k'she-nast, spaey
bah we^hedah. Mis-gar,
yowha4war achawulaey, wu-
yey-wey, *' Ai kahalah spaea
chih yey! pah wak:t k'shey
da tak-o-tuk da sindan u-dah
59. The Brazier and his
Dog.
There was a certain bra-
zier who had a little dog.
While he hammered away
at his metal the dog slept ;
but whenever he sat down
to his dinner the dog woke
up.
The brazier, throwing
him a bone, said, *' Slug-
gard cur that you are! you
sleep through the noise of
the anvil, but wake up ai
Digitized by Google
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES.
129
kawey, magar pah awwal
krap da ghasho ^'ma we^h-
ejzey."
Fa-idah. — ^^alk chibkorn
ghwajz wa randzo tah da
dostano ^pulo kawi, da-
parah da gharazo ^pulo
ihseh we^h di.
the first clatter of my
teeth."
Moral. — ^Men are awake
enough to their own in-
terests, who turn a deaf ear
to their friends' distress.
60. Lanbo-wahunkaey Ha-
lak.
Yowah halak pah yowah
sind k'^hey lanbedah, aw, lah
payo-aobodakadd lApulwat-
alaey, najzdey wa-dubedo-
tah wuh. Pah dey mi-yandz
yow rah-guzar chih haltah
teredah wa-yey-lidah, nur
haJak pah wa^rah zor ]^pul
wa haghah tah narey k'rey
chih da-parah da madad yey
war-shi. Haghah sari yow
sabak war-tah shurii' k'ra'h
pah bab k'^hey da hasey na-
dana'i chih jej wu-k'ra'h;
magar ha^ah halak pah
zari sarah narey karey wu-
yey-wey, "Ai sahibsih, aw-
wal ma dar-wu-kajzah, pas
lah haghah da dars ra-tah
wayah."
60. The Boy bathing.
A boy was bathing in a
river, and, getting out of
his depth, was on the point
of sinking. At this junc-
ture he saw a wayfarer who
was passing by, so he called
out for help with all his
might and main.
The man began to read
the boy a lecture for his
f oolhardiness ; but the ur-
chin cried out to him, " Oh,
save me first, sir, and read
me the lecture afterwards."
61. Ase-wan aw dzo-e yey
aw l^ar da du-i.
Yow ase-wan aw dzo-e
yey khar JApal da-parah da
61. The Miller, his Son,
and their Ass.
A miller and his son were
driving their ass before
Digitized by Google*'
130
PIJSHTO MANUAL.
^artsawulo"* da haghah
pah jow da mausim bazar
k'^hey cMh haltah najzdey
WTih pah ma^ah sharah.
Du-i la der liri t*lali nah wu
chih lah yowey tola'i sarah
da 'n'juno qhih lah ^hahr-
ah bi-yartah ra-t*lali, aw
dzab-lah yey l^abarey ka-
wuley aw JAandedaley pe^h
sh'wal. Yowey lah du-i pah
zorah wu-wey, " Haltah wu-
gora'i ! tasu hitg charey
hasey ahmakan lidali di,
chih pah lar pi-a-dah tapar-
edali dzi, sarah lah dey
chih tuwan da swarla'i
lari!" Ha gh ah zarah da
^abara'h arwedaley, pah
puta'h ^ula*h yey wa-dzo-e
tah wu-wey, chih pah Hi'rah
sor shah, aw pah-kfapulah
bah lah tsanga da haghah
pah ^wa^hi tai. Pas lah
tsakho mudey wa yowah
tolgi tah da zaro saro wu-
rasedal chih pali garma'h
mubahasa'h sarah Iwedali
wu. Yowah lah hugho wu-
wey, " Wu-gora'i ! hsighah
wa-isbat-tah rasawi har tsah
chih ma wa-yal. Pah dey
wradzo k'^hey tsah hurmat
wa zar-ti-a tah war kawah
them to a neighbouring
fair to sell him.
They had not gone far
when they met with a troop
of girls returning from the
city, talking and laughing
together.
One of them cried out,
" Look there ! did you ever
see such fools, to be trudg-
ing along the road on foot
when they might be riding ! ' '
The old man hearing this,
quietly bade his son get on
the ass, and walked along
merrily by the side of him.
Presently they came to a
group of old men who were
engaged in earnest debate.
One among them said,
"There! it proves what I
was saying. What respect
is shown to old age in these
days? Do you see that
idle young rogue riding.
* To sell, especially in Western Afghanistan.
Digitized by Google
EXEBOISES AND DIALOGIJES.
131
kejzi? Aja, tasu Imghah
kahal sharir halak sor
shawaej wina'i, lakah chih
zor plar yey bo-yah paley
lar shi ? K'^liatah sliah, ai
na-pa-karah! aw prej«-dah
chih haghah zor saraey stari
andamunah ^pul hosa
k'ri." Pah dey hal sarah
plar wa-dzo-e ]dipul tah da-
parah da kuzedalo wu-wey,
aw pah-Upulah sor shah.
Pah dey shan la du-i liri
t'lali nah wu chih lah yowah
jami'-yat sarah da ^hadzo aw
Vruko makha-makh sh'wal.
Tso kaso pah yowah dam
jzabey ^ala^ey karey, pah
zor jej wu-wayal, " Ai sus-
tah zarah chih tah jej\
Tsah shan pah ha^^ah
dzanawar swarli kawuley
shey, lakah chih ha^ah
gharib kuchnaey halak pah
der mushkil sarah sta lah
teanga barabar t'lalaey
shi." Haghah khwaihmiz-
ajah ase-wan mulamata'h
khpula'h wu-manala'h, aw
jzir j&j dzo-e tar sha sor
kar. Nur najzdey wuh chih
dii-i wa-^hahr-tah wu-rasejzi,
chih yowah ^hahri sayi war-
tah wu-wey, " Ai din-darah
dostah, da ^ar di khpul
mal daey ?" Zarah wu-
wey, "Ho.'' Ha^ah wu-
wey, "Pah dey shan chih
while his old father has to
walk? G^et down, you
scapegrace ! and let the old
man rest his weary limbs."
Upon this the father told
his son to dismount, and
got up himself.
In this manner they had
not proceeded far when they
met a company of women
and children.
Several persons let loose
their tongues at once, and
cried out, " Why, you lazy
old fellow! how can you
ride upon the beast, while
the poor little lad there can
hardly keep pace by the side
of you."
The good-natured miller
stood corrected, and imme-
diately took up his son be-
hind him.
They had now almost
reached the city, when a
citizen said to lum, " Pray,
honest friend, is that ass
your own ? "
The old man replied
"Yes." Said the other,
" Oh, one woujd not have
Digitized by VjOC. ^
132
PUSHTO MANTJAL.
tah dey barawey pah ri^hti'a
teok hasey Jdiiyal kawulaej
nah-shi cnili sta mal daej.
Tasu bihtar ta-kat lara'i
chib haghah g^arib haiwan
wa^a'i tar dej cbihhagbah
tasu dwairah wa^i!"
Haghah zarah sari wu-we^,
'^SliSBh, pah bar tsah chm
sta marzi wi ; mujz kho az-
mai^bt wu-k'm." Nur, lab
dzo-eah sarab k'^batab sha-
waey, p'^be da kh'rab yey
sarab wu-taraley, aw pah
madad da yowey bala'i pah
aojzo ^pido akbistaey da-
parah da terawnlo da dab
pah yowab pul cbib da shabr
da lari pah mi-yandz k'^bey
wuh ko^bi^b yey wu-kay. Da
hasey da tairib tamasba'b
wa'b cbib sari tola'i tola'i da-
parah da ^andalo pah
ha^ab da-bandi ra wu-
z'ghastal; tso cbib ^'rab,
haghah sbor aw ghogba aw
l^alat ^pul bum nab-pasan-
dalaey, pah lagbato wabalo
rasa'i cbib pah taralaey yey
wuh wu-sblawala*b, aw, lab
highey bala'i k'^batab Iwe-
dalaey, pah sind k'sbey pre-
wat. Lab dey karab ^akah
haghah zor saraey, kfaafah
aw toiiil shawaey, bi-yar-
tah wa-kor ^pul tab rawan
shah — pah yakin pohedalaey
cbib pah ko^bi^h kawulo
thought so, in truth, by the
way you load him. Why,
you two fellows are better
able to carry the poor beast
than he you."
The old man replied,
"Anything to please you;
we can but try.'*
So, alighting with his son,
they tied the ass's legs to-
gether, and by the help of
a pole endeavoured to carry
bim on their shoulders over
a bridge that led to the
city.
This was so entertaining
a sight that the people ran
out in crowds to laugh at
it; till the ass, not liking
the noise nor bis situation,
kicked asunder the cords
that bound bim, and, tum-
bling ofE the pole, fell into
the river.
Upon this, the old man,
vexed and ashamed, made
the best of his way home
again — convinced tibat by
endeavouring to please
everybody he had plesised
Digitized by Google
EXEBCISES AKD DIALOGUES.
133
k^^ey da-parah da ^wa^- nobody, and lost his ass
awulo da bar kas Mts-tsok into the bargain.
yey razi ka]raey nab wu, aw
zi'ati tar baghab ^ar ^pul
yey hum ba'e-lab.
IDIOMATIC SENTENCES.
On the Abbiyal of ▲ Guest ob Friend.
JT. — ^Har-kalab ra-sbah !
O. — ^Har-kalab aosey !
H. — Dar shah neld !
Host, — Come always —
thou art welcome !
Chiest — ^Long life be
thine !
JT. — ^May good betide
thee!
6?.— God be with thee !
H, — ^Thou comest propi-
tiously !
O. — ^May good attend
thee!
H, — ^Thy journey be ad-
yantageous.
O, — ^May success attend
thee!
JT.— Art thou well ?
O, — May adversity never
be thine !
. JT. — ^Art thou well (happy,
&c.)?
(?.— Thank (God) !
JT.— Thou art well?
G.— Praise be to God (I
am)!
(3. — ^^udae di mal shah !
H, — ^Pah U^ir ra-ghaley !
O. — Pah Uair aosey !
JJ. — Safar di pah ^air!
O. — 'Akibat di pah ^air !
JT.— Joryey?
O, — Mah ^warejzey !
JT.— Bjushhal yey ?
G.— Shukr !
JT.— Tab jor yey ?
G.— Al-hamdu lillahi !
Digitized by Google
134
PTJ8HTO MANUAL.
H, — ^Are all the members
of thy family well?
G. — ^It is the grace of Gk)d
(they are all well).
JT. — Mayest thou never
feel fatigue !
O, — ^Mayest thou never
encounter adversity !
H, — Mayest thou prosper
(become great, &c.) !
O, — ^May blessings attend
thee!
JT.-
food!
G.-
thee!
JT. — Peace be to thee !
G. — To thee be peace !
-Be religion thy daily
-The Almighty be with
JT. — ^Ahl-i-bait kam aw
kabila'h di tol joy di ?
O, — Fazl da i^udae
daey.
H, — Staraey mah shah !
(?. — Mah ^warejzey !
H, — ^Lo-e shey !
O. — ^Pah barkat shey !
JJ. — I-man di rozi shah !
Q. — Khudae di mal shah !
H. — Us-salam 'alaikum !
Q. — 'Alaikum us-salam !
On Weather, Countet, and Climate.
The clouds are dark and
dense, and I think it will
rain much to-day.
The rain generally falls
heavily at this season.
Slight rain is useless for
the crops: the ground does
not become moistened with
it ; and summer rain is in-
jurious.
This rain is good for the
crops, for it is heavy.
War-yadzi torey aw garji-
ey di, hasey pohejzam chih
nan wradz bah ^er baran
ao-ri.
Baran aksar gam pre-
w'zi pah dey mausim k'lihey.
Fa^al da-parah rangaey
baran fa'idAh nah hri:
z'maka'h nah pah 1am-
bejzi; aw da wo-ri baran
ni:^$an lari.
Da baran ^gt i^hseh daey,
tgalaraJi chih gam baran
daey.
Digitized by Google
EXEBCI8BS AND DIALOGIJES.
135
The fog is dense and the
haze thick.
If the wind blows, the
clouds will be qtiickly dis-
persed.
In winter snowfalls, but
only on the mountain tops.
We have ploughed and
tilled the land.
This land is very produc-
tive (fertile, strong, lit), and
yields, more or less, twenty-
fold in grain.
Last year there was great
scarcity (dearth), but it is
to be hoped that such wiU
not be the case this year.
This seems to be a very
hot (sultry) day.
To-day the sky is clear
(cloudless, blue) and the
wind gone down. It is a
fine (pleasant) day, but it
blew hard yesterday.
The sun is very hot to-
d&y, and a thick mist covers
the face of the ground.
Yesterday the heat was
great, but the dust was laid
by the rain.
It rains but slightly;
now set out, and return
qtiickly.
To-day's sultriness op-
presses beyond all bounds.
Lara'h garna'h da'h aw
dund drund daey.
Kih bad al-wazi war-yadzi
(also, aor-yazi and aor-yad^-
ey) bah la zs&t zser ^warey
shi.
Pah jzamaey k'^hey waw-
rey pre-w'zi, waley tosh da
^'runo pah saro bandi.
Z'maWh mu yow-ya*h
karey aw karaley da'h.
Da z'maka*h dera'h zor-
awara'h da'h aw lajz ^er shil
pah yowa da ghanam ra-
w*ri.
Par-OS (or par-wosajz)kal
4era'h kal^ti wa'h, magar
umid daey chih sajz kal bah
hasey nah wi.
Nan wradz 4era'h toda'h
ma'lumejzi.
Nan asman shin aw bad
Iwe-dalaey daey. Ghwara'h
rwadz da'h, magar parun pah
zor wal-wat (aUo wal-wot).
Nan rwadz n'mar der tod
daey, aw da z'makey ma^
garn dund niwalaey daey.
Parun garmi dera'h wa'h,
magar pah baran sarah duf -
ey k'^he-nastey.
Baran pastah ao-ri ; aos
lar shah, aw bi-a pah talwar
sarah ra-shah.
Da nan wradzey tod-
walaey tar haddah zi-at agar
kawi.
Digitized by Google
136
PTJSHTO MANUAL.
If you do not manure
(dress) the land, how can
you sow grain?
The sun is eclipsed to-
day, and there was a halo
round the moon last night :
rain will set in.
With the heavy rain which
fell last night, the dust is
laid.
In this country, in winter
also, it is at times veiy
hot ; and sometimes, in
Slimmer, hail falls.
It thunders much to-day :
the reverberations are con-
stant.
The wind blows very
strong : it will root up the
trees.
Xih wa z'makey tah sarey
wa-nah-chawa'i ghala'h bah
tsah-rang wu-kara'i P
Nan n'mar tandarey ni-
waley dey, aw barayi {pr^
paruna'i), shpa'h spojzma'i
shpol karaey wuh: baran
bah wu-shi.
Pah gam baran sarah chih
barayi shpa'h wu-aoredah,
durey t'^he-nastaley.
Pah dey mulk Vin&j, pah
jzamaey hum, kalah kalali
zora'h-wara'h garmi shi ; aw
kalah pah woraey dzol (alao.
jzala'i) Iwe-jzi {or^ ao-ri).
Nan wradz asman ^er
l^upimbejzi : talanda'h sar-
pah-sar dah.
Per bad al-wazi : waney
{or^ darakhtey) bah Twara-
On Travelling.
How many kuroh (about
two miles) is Paiwar from
here?
How far may it be from
this place to Shaluzan ?
Please God, it will be fif -
teen kuroh.
Show me the road, friend.
That is the way ; take
care thou dost not miss it.
Paiwaf lah dey djsa'e nah
tso kuroha'h daey P
Lah dey dza'eah tar Shaln-
zan pori bah tsombrah liri
wi?
In-sha Allah, pindzah las
kuroh bah wi.
Yarah, ma tah lar wu-
i^ayah.
Lar haghah da'h: wu-
gorah chih hera'h di nali
shey.
d by Google
EXEBCISES AND DIALOGUBS.
137
Wliat village do you be-
long to ?
On wliat road lias she
gone?
Where art thou going ?
My desire is to go to that
hill. Can I ride there ?
It is a long road, and a
good day's journey; more-
over, thou canst not ascend
it : there is no road up it.
Can any one go round on
the hither side of thy vil-
lage?
No : on that side robbers
infest the road.
Will some bread, eggs,
and milk, be procurable in
this village or not ?
Endeavour to bring some
pure water.
This brackish water is not
fit to drink.
Prepare some bread for
him; he is pinched with
hunger.
What language speakest
thoup I do not understand
thee.
I do not understand what
they say.
But httle grass (fodder)
is procurable in the village
of Ghal^ Ban^a'h.
Tasu da komey kali yaa'i ?
Pah komey lari t'laley
da'h?
Chartah dzey ?
Irada'h mi da'h chih wa
hag^ah g^'rah tah la|* sham.
Spor bah haltah t'lalaey
sham?
Liri lar da'h, aw da wra^
purah manzil daey ; nur tah
bah ^'rah nah shey khat-
alaey: da j^talo lar nah-
da'h.
Tgok sta kali wa-highey
^wa tah gserzedalaey shi ?
Yah : haghah Uiwa gh^keh
larwahi.
Aya, pah dey kali k'^hey
bah tsah doda'i, aw haga*i,
aw pa'i, paida sM kih yah ?
Pah ra'w'ralo da ^o
khwajzo aobo wu-Fwajzah.
Da tarwey aoba'h da
ts'shalo la-ikey nah dey.
Da ha^ah da-parah tso
doda'i pajdia'h k'ra'h; nas
yey pah kulmo pori n'^hataey
daey.
Kama'h jzaba'h wa-yey ?
nah dar pohejzam.
Nah pohejzam chih dii-i
tsah wa-yi.
PahGhalzi Banda'hk'^hey
wa^hah kam paida kejzi.
Digitized by Google
138
PUSHTO MANUAL.
Afzal is mj companion:
the road is soon got over
Speak slowly if thou de-
sirest me to understand thy
words.
From what part hast thou
come, where is thy home,
and whither goest thou ?
My home (house) is on
that side of the Xurma')i
river. I am come into
^^ost, and my intention is
to proceed into Dawar.
They live on the banks of
the river {or river's side).
Show me the road ; I will
accompany thee.
G^t into the shade, and
then sit down.
Waken me at daybreak.
Seek the man at cock-
crow.
Milk the cow when the
Mulla calls to prayer.
My Kandahar is better
than thy Kabul.
I passed a long time
there, and spent much
money.
I and thou both of us
will go to {or set out for)
Kandahar together.
Whenever the rain lessens
or ceases, be ready to pro-
ceed to Ghaznin.
Afzal ra sarah mal-garaey
daey : lar ^hse'h w'rey.
W'ro ttabarey kawah kih
g^wayey sta pah waina wu-
pohejzam.
Tah lah kamey ^wa ra-
^alaey j&j, aw kor di
chartah daey, aw kama'h
^wa tah dzey ?
Kor nu da Kurmey da
sin hag^ah g^ara'h daey.
!Qost tah ra-ghalaey yam,
aw da Dawar da t'lalo irad-
a'h mi da'h.
Du-i da sind pah ghara'h
astejzi.
Lar ra tah wu-^hayah;
lah tah sarah bah lar sham.
Sio-ri tah dzan wu-rasa-
wah, nur k'^he-nah.
Lo-e sahar ma wi^h k'rah.
Pah chirg bang haghah
saraey wu-latawah.
Da Mulla pah bang ghwa
wu-l'washah.
Kandahar dz'ma sta tar
Kabula ^hseh daey.
Haltah mi ^^ra'h muda'h
tera'h k'ra'h, aw derey riipa'i
mi kfaarteey k'rey.
Zah aw tah bah dwa^rah
sarah ]^andahar tah lar
shii.
Har-kalah chih baran
narm shi ya wudrejzi, da-
parah da t'lalo wa Ghaznin
tah tai-yar aosah.
Digitized by Google
EXEBCISES AND DIALOGUBS.
139
In a few days (or, a short
time) — please God — thou
wilt reach thine own country.
The man is gone on a
long journey, and I do not
know on what day he will
come back.
Habib goes to Sujawand
and Haibat remains at
Ghaznin.
How far is the city of
Kandahar from the Arghand
river?
But Girishk is on the
banks of the Hirmand, and
Farah on the Farah river.
My foot slipped, and I
fell topsy-turvy into the
pond.
Free the camel's foot
from the mire.
Give me a morsel of
bread that I may break my
fast therewith.
Spread out my carpet.
Spit this meat and roast
it.
The water gives out
steam (boils), and the meat
seems cooked.
Are apples and pears
come yet P
Throw this dirty water
away and bring me some
clean.
Pah tso rwadzo k'^hey —
in-sha Allah — ^bah wa khpul
watan tah wu-rasejzev.
Haghah saraey pah ujzd
safar t'lalaey daey, nah
pohejzam chih kamah wradz
bah bi-a ra-shi.
Habib Sujawand tah d^
aw Haibat pah Ghaznin
k'^hey patejzi.
S^hahr da JB^andahar lah
Ar^and ab nah tsombrah
liri daey?
Magar Girishk da Hir-
mand sin pah ^ara'h daey^
aw ^hahr da Farah ps^
Farah rud daey.
P^ha'h mi wu-^hakedala'h,
aw pah kol (or dan4) k'shey
naskor pre-watam.
Da iish p^ha'h lah ^ato
nah ^ala^a'h k'ra'h.
Yow tiik do4a'i ra-k'rah
chih niharaey jej k'ram.
Dz'ma ghalicha'h wu-
ghwarawa^h.
Daghah ghwa^hey pah
sitt peyaley kabab yey
Fyah.
Lah aoba'h b'^as walar-
ejzi, niir ma'lumejzi chih
ghwai^hey pattey dey.
Marney aw nash-pati la
rasedali dip
Da ^8Byey aoba'h to'e
F^ah aw tsah pakey aoba'h
ra larah ra-w'^^*
Digitized by Google
140
PirSHTO MANIJAL.
This butter-milk wiQ be
of no use whatever, so
throw it away.
Da shlombi pah hits kar
ra-nah-shi, tro wu-yey g^ur-
zawah.
MiLiTABY, Sporting, and Campaigning Subjects.
Pitch the tent under these
plane-trees.
First level the ground,
after that pitch the tent.
Strike the pegs with the
mallet, drive them in deep,
and pull the ropes tight.
Pack up the tent and
baggage, and load the
camels ; it is time to load
them.
Where hast thou pitched
the tent ?
I have pitched it in an
open place.
Let the camel-men take
out the camels to graze
early in the morning.
Take care you reach the
camp in good time. Make
no delay on the road, and
keep the camels together.
Did you see any men
going in that direction ?
Pah hug^o chinaro wane
bandi khema'h (also, dera'h)
wu-darawah.
Rumbaey (or, runbaey)
z'maka'h] sama'h k'rah, pas
lah haghah dera'h wu-dara-
wah.
Mojzi pah dabali sarah
wu-wahah, aw klak yey
^haFh kah, aw pari Xmg
^a-^h'kah.
^ema'h aw asbab wu-
n'gharah. aw u^han wu-
leshah ; wakt da lejzdo (or,
da lejzdalo) shah.
Dera'h di pah kama dza'e
walar karey da'h?
Pah arat dza'e nu wu-
darawula'h.
€^^hbanah di §fubah u^han
tsaralo tah bi-ayi.
Baidar sha'al chih wa
manzil tah pah ^pul wakt
ra wu-rasa'i. Pah lar bandi
dirang mah-kawa'i, aw
u^han tol-tal dzabalah ra-
wala'i.
Tasu kom sari wahag]^ah
U^wa tah t'lunki wu-lidal P
Digitized by Google
EXEBCISES AND DIALOGUES.
141
They went over the hill
on that side, but came back
again and stood on the top.
Were they soldiers or
were they villagers ?
They were merely vil-
lagers.
Are the people here settled
or are they nomads ?
Some are settled, some
are nomads.
Can my horse get across
that ravine ?
Are the banks steep or
sloping, and is the bottom
soft?
Can any supplies be ob-
tained in this village ?
Not a drop of water is to
be obtained here.
How far is the next halt-
ing-place where water is
obtaonable ?
A shepherd has come in ;
if thou commandest I will
bring him in.
sir! one of thy ser-
vants in the plain beat me
severely ; do me justice.
Come again after a little
while.
Haghah da gh*ra
haghah tsang wu-la]*al,
magar ra-wu-g8Brzedal aw
pah sar yey wudredal.
Haghah sipahian wu kih
da kali saro wii P
Tash da kali saro wu.
Khalk da dey dza'e tal-
aosedunki dl kih powandah
di?
Dzini dzini tal-aosediini
khalk di, tsok kochi di.
As mi lah haghah ^war
nah pori kedalaey shi ?
Qhareyyey Twareydikih
zawarey di, aw talaey jej
pos daey kih klak ?
Pah dey kali F^hey hits
rasad paida kejzi ?
Daltah yow tsatskaey
(also, takaey) aoba'h paida
nah sM.
Lah dey dza'e nah bsel
manzil hal-tah chih aoba'h
mundaley shi tsombrah liri
di?
Tow bandesaey saraey ra-
j^alaey daey ; kih hukm
kawey danana bah jej hazir
k'ram.
Sahiba! sta lah naukarano
yowah pah maira'h k'^hey
zah der takawulam; dz'ma
in^af wu-k'rah.
Pas lah lajzey mudey niir
hazir shah.
Digitized by Google .
142
PUSHTO MANUAL.
How deep is the water?
Can a horse get through it ?
There has been a great
deal of rain in the hills, and
the river has risen; it is
impassable.
K it rains to-morrow the
road will be slippery.
They seized the bridles of
the horses, and went to the
water, and, having drank
some, they set out for their
own homes.
Is there any danger in
proceeding by this road at
night?
When I reach the place
where the road divides into
two, which should I take ?
Take care of thyself if
thou art not tired of thy
Ufe.
This rifle will carry twelve
hundred yards.
How many cartridges
hast thou in thy pouch, and
how many caps will there
be in thy cap-pouch?
The hammer of thy rifle
is dirty and rusty ; clean it.
How is it thy sword has
become so rusty ?.
Aoba'h tsombrah jzawar-
a'h da'h ? As lah aobo nah
pori watalaey shi ?
Pah ^'runo k'iShey 4^t
baran wo-redalaey daey, aw
sin Watalaey d^ey; pori
nah shi kedalaey.
Kih saba baran pre-w*zi
lar bah lihwayey (or, ^hwa-
yandey) shi.
Da asiinah jalaw yey wu-
niwah, aw aobo larah wu-
raghi. aobah jej wu-ts'iShi,
nur kor tah rawan sh'wal.
Pah shpa'h k'^hey pah
dey lar t'M hits wera'h l^i ?
Haghah wakt chih zah
wa-haghah dza'e-tah rasejz-
am hal-tah chih lar pah dwey
lari beyalejzi, bah pah ko-
mey d^m ?
l^pul dzan wu-satal kih
lah jzwandah mor nah yey.
Da topak pah Z8Br dwah
sawa gaz wishtal kawi.
Pah toshdan ^pul k'^hey
tso kartiisunah larey, aw
pah kamr kisa'h k'^hey bah
tso pata^ey wi ?
Sta topak kolang ^iran
daey aw zang-^wayalaey ;
pak jej k'yah.
Sta tura'h tsah ranga has-
ey zang-^waraley sh'wa'h.
Digitized by Google
EXBBCISES AND DIALOOUES.
143
Draw the sword from its
sheath.
My sword is very sharp.
Thy sword, then, is much
sharper (keener) than mine.
These swords are all
blunt.
My horse and mare are
both lame.
Is this thy pistol, or is it
mine?
The man is shouting to
us.
The malik of the village
has put the loss upon me.
Gk> thou on ; I am after
thee.
Dismount from thy horse
and come in.
My horse kicks much.
Thy , horse jumps very
well.
Hast thou found my stray
camels again ?
The camels have become
mangy.
Shall I be able to hire
camels in this village ?
Hast thou committed this
act knowingly, or through
ignorance ?
Make me acquainted with
this matter.
I am not acquainted with
this matter ; inform me.
Tura'h lah tekey nah wu-
basah.
Tura'h mi dera'h tera'h
da'h.
Nur sta tura'h tar dz'ma
turey nah dera'h tera'h da'h.
Daghey turey toley patsey
di.
Ab aw aspa'h ml ^o
dwairah gud di.
Da sta tamanchey da'h
kihdz'mada'h?
Haghah saraey mujz tah
narey wahi.
Da kali malik tawan ra
bandi ke-i^hod (also, k'lihe-
^ho).
W'randi t'lah ; pasey
yam.
Lah asa nah kuz shah aw
dananah ra-shah.
As mi derey latey wahi.
As di der ihsoh top lari.
Wuruk shawi u^han mi
^ bi-a mundali di ?
C^^an paman shawi di.
Pah deyjjkali k'^hey uiShan
bah pah kiraha'h a]^isti
sham?
Tah pah ka^d sarah da
kar karaey daey, kih pah na-
pohi?
Pah da U^abara'h ma poh
k'rah.
Pah dey hal ^abar nah
yam ; ^abar mi k'^ah.
Digitized by Google
lU
PUSHTO MANUAL.
This matter I am well
aware of.
I have no option in this
matter ; the authority is in
the hands of another.
If thou grantest me leave,
I intend to go to my native
country.
Of what village art thou,
and where is thy country ?
Q-et into' the boat, and
cross over to the other side
of the Lohgar river.
Why standest thou upon
this low place ? Stand on
higher ground.
Hast thou obtained a
horse yet or not ?
Is there quietness in the
hill country at present ?
People say there is great
disturbance in Dera-wat.
How far is that hill from
this ? My object is to get
to it by some road.
Thou canst not get up
there; there are many ob-
stacles in the way.
Who will forbid my
going?
Art thou not aware that
there is a feud between the
LuQiis and the Gharshins ?
Da ^abara'h ra lihse'h.
ma'luma'h da'h.
Pah dey kar k'^hey i^-
tiyar nah-laram; wak da
bsdl pah las daey.
Kih ru^sat ra k'rey ni-
yat mi da watan da t'lalo
daey.
Da kom kali yey, aw wat-
an di chartah daey P
Pah bera'i k'l^he-nah, aw
da Lohgar sin wa-highey
^arey pori wu-wuzah.
Tsalarah pah daeykuz (or,
dzwar) dza'e wudrejzey ?
Pah Twara'h z'maka'h wud-
rejzah.
Tar aosa di as mundalaey
daey kih yah ?
Pah kohistan k'^hey aos
karari shtah kih nah shtah ?
TThalk hasey wahi chih
pah Dera-wat k'^hey ^er
pasat daey.
Ha^ah ^ar lah daey
dza'eah nah tsombrah liri
wi ? Ni-yat mi daey chih
pah kamey lari bah war-
dzam.
Tah wa-gh'rah-tah ^at-
aey nah ^hey ; der arunah
di.
Tsok bah mi man'a'h
kawi?
!|Qabar nah yey chih da
Lumio aw da ^arshino
pah mi-yandz mirtsi da'h p
Digitized by Google
EXEBOISES Aim DIALOOUES.
145
Both have taken post on
the boundary line, and are
Tnalring reprisals on each
other.
On what matter has the
feud been brought about
(or, arisen) ?
The cause of the mischief,
as usual, is a woman.
Under whose rule is thy
village, and who are its in-
habitants? Are they folks
in easy circumstances (also,
respectable, fig.), or are they
hungry (thieves) ?
They are quiet people,
sir, noted for probity, and
are not prone to dishonesty.
They are Afghans, and
under the rule of the State.
This village is under me
(or, in my charge). Thou
art master ; whatever thou
mayest require shall be pro-
duced.
Sir! the soldiers are
plundering my dwelling ;
do thou thyself do me jus-
tice.
Whoever have done this
deed deserve a severe punish-
ment.
Bemain here till the sun
sets.
If our property becomes
lost in such a place we shall
not find it again.
Dwa^ah pah ^add (cUao,
burid) nast dl, aw yow tar
bflela pah bota'h bramta'h
kawal mash-ghul di.
Pah kamey ^abarey mir-
tsi pateawuley shawey dey?
WeUi da fasad, lakah
chih tal shtah,i$hadza'h da'h.
Sta kalaey da chah pah
hukomat k'shey daey, aw
astogyi yey tsok di ? Ma^ah
wugap di kih wajzi day wi.
Sahiba, marah ^alk di,
pah neH mashhur, aw
lah bado wezar. Pu^htanah
di, aw da sarkar pah daidat
k'^hey di.
Da kalaey lah ma landi
daey. Tah hakim yey ; har-
tsah chih di pah k£r wi
hazir kalaey bah shi.
Sahiba! sipahian kor mi
lutawi ; dz'ma in^af tah pa-
khpulah wu-k'rah.
Har tsok chih da kar kal-
aey daey hugho tah sa^ta'h
saza kayaley bo-yah.
Iso n'mar pre-w'zi daltah
aosah.
Pah hasey d^a'e k*fliey
kih dz'mujz mal wuruk sM
bi-a bah nah mumu.
dbyGoogUO
146
PUSHTO MAITCTAL.
I reached my own village,
safe from thieves and from
rain, along with a convoy.
On the way several thieves
came in front of us, but as
we were well armed they did
not see any advantage in
attacldng us.
The Tasin W^el will re-
taliate on the Daulat Khel
in fine style.
Is there any one aiding
them or not ?
How many men are there
in the Mi-yandz-Lar Pass ?
How much grain will
there be in that village ?
Take care not to lay your
hands on the property of
any poor people.
Don't shoot the village
people; merely fire your
rifles over their heads.
The enemy have all crossed
over to the other side of the
Logar river, and only the
Tajziks remain in Khushi on
this side.
The Upper Banga^h people
gained the victory, because
they were the most nume-
rous, and, in their difficult
district, they are as bold as
lions.
Zah, pah aman lah gh'lo
aw lah barana, lah badragey
sarah, ^pul kali tah wu-
rasedam.
Pah lar k'iShey dz'miijz
pah ma^ tso gh'laeh ra-
^al, waH kabu yey nah
ra-tah lidal chih pah waslah
put wu.
Yasin Qel bah pah Dau-
lat l^elo pah ihsdh. shan
badala'h wa-^li.
Da hu^o pah marasta'h
tsok shtah aw kih nah-shtah ?
Pah Mi-yandz-Lar Ghai^hi
k'l^hey tso tana di ?
Pah haghah kali k'^hey
tsomrah ^ala'h wi ?
Da cha gharib sari paK
mal bandi las mah-wa-cha-
wa'ai.
Pah kali ^alko bandi
mah waha'ai ; tash da dewo
da sar da-pasa topak mo
^ala9 k'ya'ai.
Duiihmanan tol da Logar
sind pori wa-highey gharey
tah watali di, aw siwa lah
tajzik majzik hits tsok ra-
pori pah i^iishi k'iShey pa-
taey nah daey.
Bar Bangalh ^alkbaraey
wu-gatah, dzakah chih du-i
der gao wu, aw pah saj^t
mulk ^pul k'l^hey, lakah
m'zario di.
Digitized by Google
EXBBCISES AND DIALOOUBS.
147
The case has become
very serious, for blood has
been shed on both sides.
Why don't they settle this
matter by compromise: is
there no mediator to be
found?
The road is straight and
not difficult : thou wilt not
miss it, and there is no
danger on it.
First go straight forward,
then turn to the left, and
afterwards to the right.
Sir! thieyes have seized
and carried off twenty of
our camels.
Are there many horses in
your district? How many
may they amount to ?
What is that on that de-
tached hill on the left hand?
It is a man. He is coming
towards us with a jaza'yil
in his hand.
Call out to him to stand,
and if he does not stop I
will take a shot at him.
How many men have
stayed behind in the village ?
Not a man has stayed
behind: all the people have
run away.
They are at feud with one
another, and were afraid of
Mukaddama'h dera'h gran-
a'h shawey da'h, tsalarah
chih da dwayo lorio winey
to-e shawey di.
Da mukaddama'h pah
ghwa^h wall nah ^washi :
tsok ghwa^h-grandaey nah
paida kejzi ?
Lar sama'h da'h aw asan-
a*h : wuruka'h bah yey nah
k'rey, aw wera'h pah k'iShey
hits nah-shtah.
W'rumbaey makha-malA
barabar lar shah, bi'a kirn
las tah wu-gserzah, aw pas
i^haey lor tah.
Sahiba ! i^'lo dz'mujz
shil ii^han niwali botlal.
Sta pah tapey k'^hey der
asunah shtah ? Tso asunah
bah wi?
Da teah daey da hi^ih
^un4ey pah sar bandi?
Tow saraey daey. Jaza'yil
pah las nlwalaey dey khwa
mujz larah ra-dzl.
War tah narey wu-wahah
chih wudrejzah, aw kih nah
wudrejzi zah bah pri gugar
kawam.
W'rusto pah kali k*^hey
tso sari patedali di ?
Tow saraey ^o patedal-
aey nah daey : tol Ualk
z'ghastali di.
Da hu^^o pah mi-yandz
mirtei pre-wataley dey, aw
10 ♦
148
PUSHTO MANUAL.
treachery on the part of their
own clansmen, therefore they
did not stay.
Which of these two guns
hast thou taken a fancy to ?
Giye this man in charge
to the guard.
I would have killed him,
but I was afraid to do so.
Mount the horse, and
gallop him.
The trees in the wood are
so deuse that we cannot
make our way through it.
Set up some stick here as
a mark, and cut down the
dead trees, but leave the
others.
I am still standing exactly
on that spot: I have not
moved at all.
I went alone, voluntarily,
to the top of the hill.
My adversary gave me a
cut with his sword.
The mountaineers attacked
the kafilah and plundered it.
The regiment must march
an hour before daybreak.
After some little skirmish-
ing the enemy fled.
du-i da ^pulo 'azizano
lah bey-imana'i nah wu-
weredal, lah dey sababa pato
nah sh'waL
Lah dewo dwaro topako
di kam-yow ^waih karaey
daey?
Da^ah sairaey wa-pas-
wan-tah wu-paslawah.
Wajlaey bah mi wuh,
magar wu-weredam.
Pah as bandi sor shah, aw
wu-yey-tezah.
Da bam waney hasey
garney dey chih pah k'^hey
nah shu t'lali.
Da na^hey da-parah dal-
tah kom largaey lak k'rah,
awkomey waney chihwucli-
ey dey pre-yey k'ra'ai, waley
nurey pre-jzda'ai.
Ju^t (or, 3 or) pah haghah
dza'e bandi walar yam : lah
sarah nah yam ^wadzedal-
aey.
Ma pa-^pulah da ghim-
da'i wa-sar-tah yawadzey
wu-^ot.
Duiihman mi da turey paJi
guzar ghwats k'ralam.
Da ^'ra ^alkp pah ka-
filey bandi pre-watal aw
maf-da^r jey k'ra'h.
Tow sa'at pa-kbwa tar
sapedi d&gh pori bo-yah
chih paltan kucn kawey.
Pas lah tsa^o fas tus ka-
wulo du^hmanan tai^htedali
laral. Digitized by GoOglC
BXBBCISBS AND DIALOOUES.
149
When you are within fifty
paces of the enemy, at once
charge them.
Fifty or sixty men have
come in, but they are all
Damar Kakars and Isot
Pamis.
There are one hawal-dar,
two nayaks, and twelve
sipahis on duty to-night,
and that guard will furnish
four sentries.
Give the labourers two
rupis each.
I have two horses, but
they are both lame.
Look up like a soldier, not
on the ground like a clod-
hopper.
Accoutre thyself, and go
along with him.
Take off thy accoutre-
ments, and take my gun, and
follow me : perhaps we shall
find some game here.
Set this lance upright in
the ground.
There is no vacancy in
my regiment; if there had
been I would have given it
to thee.
How many troops are there
now present in camp ?
When you cast your right
Har-kalah chih du^h-
manan lah tasu nah pindzos
kadam liri wi, yek la^tah
pri hamla'h wu-k*ra'ai.
Pindzos shpetah sar! ra-
ghali di, magar tol warah
Damar Kakaran, aw Isot
Pamian di.
Nan-shpa'h (or, nanana'i
shpa'h) yow liawal-dar,dwah
nayak, aw dwah-las sipahian
naukari kawi, aw haghah
garat bah tsalor paswan war
kawi.
Mazduran larah dwey
dwey rupa'i war-k'rah.
Dwah asiinah laram waley
dwarah gu4 di.
Da sipahi pah shan portah
wu-gorah, nah wa-z'makey-
tah lakah da kali saraey.
M'la taraley lah haghah
sarah lar shah.
M'la pra-nataley, dz'ma
topak wu-msah (or, wu-
nisah), aw pah ma paseyra-
dzah: ^ha-yi daltah tso
^h'kar bi-a-mu-mu.
Da neza'h sama'h pah
z'maka'h wu-darawah.
Dz'ma pah paltan k'^hey
kom dza'e ^aH nah-shtah ;
kih U^aH wae ta tah bah mi
dar karaey wuh.
Tso tajiah sipahian aos
pah Urdu k'^hey hazir di ?
Har-kalah chih tksu i^'i
Digitized by Google
160
PTTSHTO MANUAL.
eye on the sight you should
shut the left one.
Surround the hill, for I
imagine the enemy are lying
there in ambush.
First ascend to the top of
the hill, and then their
whereabouts will be visible.
They may perchance be
lying in the ravine, or in
yonder broken ground.
If such be the case we
will lay an ambush for them.
It was mid-day when they
got near the fort ; and the
brave fellows attacked it,
and in the short space of
one watch (three hours) it
was captured.
Tahya Khan, together
with lus younger brothers,
not one of whom had, as
yet, reached man's estate,
girded up their loins to
avenge their father.
Ascend to that high
ground, and carefully recon-
noitre all round; then select
three men and station them
thereon as a picket.
starga'h pser didban jz'da'ai
ki^a'h sterga'h puta'h karey
boyah.
Qhar cha-perah wu-nisa'ai
(or, wu-nisa'ai) chih guman
mi dasey kejzi chih du^h-
manan haltah pah tsaw
k'^hey nast di.
W'yumbey da ^'ra pah
sar bandi wu-^ejza'al, nur
da dti-i dza'e dar i^h'karah
shi.
Gundi pah ^war k'iShey,
ya huri pah hi^ey ^ar-
ghwara'i k'^hey nast wi.
Kih hasey wi mujz bah
pah p'suni k*iihey war-tah
ki^he-nu.
Eoz-i-roi^han nima'h wradz
wa'h chih kot watah najzdey
sh'wu ; dzwanano pah kala'h
manguli wu-lagawaley, pah
yowah pahar k'^hey fatli
shah.
Yahya !^an, lah kashar-
ano w'rurno sarah, qhih hits
yow la bala^at tah rasedal-
aey nah wuh, pah kisa^ da
plar m'la wii-tarala'h.
Pah hi|^ey I'wayey bandi
wu-^ejzah, aw cha-pirah
pah ^hseh shan sarah pah
dzir dzir wu-goiuh ; pas drej
kasa sipahian da yalah-
dara'i da-parah ^wa^h
k'rah aw pah dey dza'e ban-
di wudarawah.
Digitized by Google
EXBSCISBS AND DIALOOUBS.
151
A bullet struck him in the
side. He was not to arise
again (i.e. being mortallj
wounded), and was left be-
hind.
He displayed much
bravery in action.
He is not dead yet : see,
he moves.
Take out the mules and
camels, to graze, and be
careful you all keep with
them.
My horse is stuck fast in
the ravine, and can neither
come up out of it, nor can
he withdraw himself again.
Come hither, and hold my
horse that he may not run
away, and throw him some
grass.
Dismount from thy horse,
and distribute fodder among
the cattle.
Accoutre thyself (gird up
thy loins), the time to march
has arrived.
Make over these things to
a certain soldier.
Hire a camel for me.
The treasury is empty of
rupis.
How many men hast thou
brought in for service ?
Twenty men, but they are
all of one place, and all are
kinsmen of each other.
Gk>la'i yey pah artt wu-
lagedala'h. Da ^ato nah
wuh, pato sh'wah.
Haghah pah jang k'l^hey
der maranaey wu-k'rah.
Tar aosa pori mar nah
daey : gorah. ^wadzejzi.
Kacharanawu^han tsaralo
tah boza'ai, aw pah ^abar-
dari tasu tol war-tah najzd-
ey wudrejza'ai.
As me pah ^war k'iShey
wu-n'^hat, aw nah portah
^ataey shah, nah pastanah
watalaey shi.
Haley ra-shah aw as
dz'ma uisah chih wu-nah-
tashti, aw tso wa^hah war
wachawah.
Lah asa nah kuz shah, aw
wa^hah dzanwarano tah
wesh k'rah.
M'la wu-tara'h, wak:t da
kuch ra-gii.
Da tsizunah falani sipalu
tah wu-sparah.
Tow u^h dz'ma da-parah
kiraha'h k'rah.
Khizana'h lah rupa'io nah
tasha'h da'h.
Tso sari da naukara'i da-
parah di niwali di ?
Shil sari, magar tol da
yowah dza'e di, aw tol sarah
'azizan di.
Digitized by Google
152
PUSHTO MAirCTAL.
This youth is round-
backed and weakly : he will
soon break down.
I am stronger than they
are.
Sit down: arise: stand
up: look up: do not look
down : stand upright : put
thy heels together: do not
move.
Obey my order : look to-
wards me: what art thou
looking at ? Stand so.
The army regulations are
very severe and momentous.
Look at him what he is
doing! O scapegrace! why
dost thou not obey my com-
mand?
Do not ungird thy loins :
if thou dost not work with
a will how wilt thou earn
money?
Pardon him his fault.
Forgive me my fault this
time ; for this command I
had forgotten.
Eun and seize him, and
bring him hither.
If you had, at that time,
fiven me an order, I would
ave gone in pursuit of him :
I would not have let him
escape.
Da halak chughaey daey
aw kam-zoraey: zsqt (alsoy
jzir) bah staraey shi.
Zah lah hu^o nah pah
zor-awar yam.
K'lihe-nah: patsah: wud-
rejzah : portah gorah :
k'lihatah (or, kuz) mah-
gorah : punda'i ^puley yow
dza'e k'rah: sam wudrejz-
ah : mah ^wadzejzah.
Dz'ma hukm pah dza'e
ra-w'rah : ma-tah gorah 2
wu-tsah-tah gorey? Hasey
wudrejzah.
Da lai^hkar a'munah der
sa^t aw gran di.
Ha^ah wu- gorah chih
tsah kawi ! Ai kam bakhta !
waley dz'ma hukm nah
maney?
M'lamahpra-nadzah: kih
mihnat pah dzan wa-nah-
khley rupa'i bah tsangah wu-
gatey?
Dahaghah gunah war-wu-
ba^^hah.
Dz'ma gunah da dzala'h
ra-wu-ba^^hah; chih da
^ukm mi her shawaey wuli.
Pah manda'h lar shah:
wu-yey nisah, aw haley ra-
yey-walah.
Xih tasu ha^ah wakt,
ma tah hukm karaey wae
(aZao, wae) pah haghah pasey
bah t'lalaey wum: ma ban
nah wuh pre-ya^haey.
Digitized by Google
EXEBCISES AND DIALOOTTES.
153
K you had not come to
my succour they would have
l)umt my dweUing.
The enemy are not nume-
rous : a few men only it
seems.
Fire off (discharge) thy
rifle.
It is obstructed (foul or
choked), and will not go off.
Clean the barrel inside,
and see that the nipple is
dear, then it will go off.
Whenever thou mayest
meet with a good sword buy
it for me.
On this speech they set to
fighting.
Adam !^an and Salim
came home on leave.
I will send someone else
in thy place.
Set up this target {or,
mark) that I may fire at it
with the rifle.
If thou doest so thou wilt
obtain a reward.
There is no fear : God is
our Protector.
While you may remain in
this country do not act op-
pressively towards anyone.
O Sir ! my wife is unwell :
it will be a great favour on
thy part if thou wilt grant
Kih tasu dz'ma pah hapa'h
nah wae {or, wae) ra-^ali
du-i bah mi kor sawaey
wuh.
Duiihman lajz di: yow
mm sari ma'liimejzi.
Topak d! ^ala^ k'rah.
Topak band daey, nah
l^ala^ejzi.
Shpela'i yey dananah pak
k'rah, aw wu-gorah chih da
ranjak dza'e saf daey, tro
bah l^ala^ shi.
Har-kalah chih ^ha'h
tiira'h wu-winey dz'ma da-
parah yey wakh-lah.
Pah dey waina bandi yey
jang wu-n'^halawuh.
Adam Qan aw Salim pah
ru^^at kor tah ra-ghlal.
Sta pah badlah k'iShey
bah nur tsok was-tawum.
Da na^ha'h wudrawah
chih pah topak yey wu-wal-
am.
Kih hasey wu-k'rey ina'am
bah wu-gatey.
Hits wera'h nah-shtah :
!^udae dz'mujz Satiinaey
daey.
Tso pah dey mulk k'^hey
aos'aa pah cha bandi zidm
mah kawa'al.
Sahiba! tabar mi na-jora'h
shawey dey : mihirbangi
bah di wi kih ma-tah dwey
Digitized by Google
154
PUSHTO MANUAL.
me two or tliree days' leave
to attend her.
Sir! this soldier solicits
three days' leave in order to
meet his brother who has
arrived at a certain village.
Very good ; as I know he
is a good man, I will consent
to his leave.
That soldier, Sir, repre-
sents that a letter has
reached him from his family,
and the Treasury bill, which
he had remitted to them
three months ago, has not
yet reached them.
This affair happened be-
fore : what is the fuss and
noise about it now ?
I was going in company
with the Ghalzis towards
the head of the Kajahah
valley ; and in that same
place, on the night in ques-
tion, such quantities of hail
and rain fell, that up to the
dawn of the morning we
entertained no hope of our
lives.
The whole country has
become perfectly white with
snow.
When I set out it was a
pitch-dark night.
drey rwadz ru^^at ra-k'rey
chih timar jej k'ram.
Sahiba ! da sipahi da dro
rwadzo ruldbi^at ^wari da-
parah da mulakat da w'ror
ttpul chih wa-falani Icili
tah ra-ghalaey daey.
SheBh daey; chih yey
pejzanam joy sayaey daey,
ru^^at bah jqj kabul slu.
Sahiba ! haghah sipahi
'arz kawi chih da 'iyal lah
taraf a jqj kaghiz ra-ghalaey
daey, aw haghah Bil da
i^izaney, chih drey miasht-
ey terey shawey dey war-
stawalaey wuh, la nalh daey
war rasedalaey.
Da Miabara'h pa-Wbwa
shawey wa'h: aos da dey
jagara'h aw sharr-o-shor
teah daey?
Zah hum da Ghalzio
sarah pah sar darey da Ka-
jahah layam ; • pah ha gh ah
dza'e ra bandi pah ^hpa'h
hasey jzaley aw baran wu-
woredah, chih tar ^abah pori
muh (or, mu) umid da zinda-
gana'i nah wuh {or, wu).
Tol mulk pah wawrey tak
spin shawaey daey.
Ha^ah wal:t chih rawan
sh'wam taka'h tora'h shpa'h
wa'h.
d by Google
BXEBCISSS AJSTD DIALOGUES.
165
Our countiT is very rug-
ged : it is all bill and dale.
I am much fatigued, and
hungry and thirsty to boot.
They have come unseason-
ably (late). Tell them to
come in the morning; at
that time I will talk with
them.
Whether they be camels,
horses, or mules, wherever
they may be, and whatever
they may be, bring (or, lead)
them along.
Who is this man who ap-
pears in sight?
Through cowardice Bah-
ram did not fight.
Mulk mu ^^r zijz daey:
tol ^ar aw sama'h daey.
Zah 4er staraev shawaey
yam, aw pratah lah dey hum
wajzaey aw tajzaey yam.
Nawaktara-ghalidi. Du-i
tah wu-wayah chih ^abah ra-
shi ; haghah wakt bah lah
du-i sarah ^abarey wu-
k'ram.
Xih ii^han wi, kih asiinah
wi, kih katar wi, har chir-
tah chih wi, aw har tsah
chih wi, ra-yey-walah.
Daghah saraey chih pah
nazar ra-dzi tsok daey ?
* i)a na-marda'i lah ji-
hata Bahram jang wu-nah-
k'rah.
SENTENCES ON GENEEAL SUBJECTS.
Who Mi; thou?
I am an Afghan.
What Patau art thou by
lineage?
I am a Lurnaey Mianah.
Dost thou understand
PuiShto ? (or. Hast thou ac-
quired. Pui^hto ?)
Tes, I understand Pu^h-
to, but neither Pukhsto,
Pakkhto, Pasto, nor Pashtu,
nor any such nonsense.
Tah tsok yey ?
Zah Pu^htun yam.
Pah a^al kom PuiShtun
yey?
Zah Lumaey l^anah yam.
PahPuihtopohejzey ? (or^
Pu^hto di z'dah daey ?)
Ho, Pu^hto ^o pohejz-
am, wal-e nah Pukhsto, nah
Pakkhto, nah Pasto, nah
Pashtu, ya hasey piich go-e
hits na'h pejzanam.
Digitized by Google
156
PU8HTO MANUAL.
What is thy name ?
Tar Mu^mmad is mj
name.
What village dost thou
belong to ?
I have come from 0rgun,
and am going to Zarghun
Sliahr.
Art thou married or not P
I was married, but my
-wife is dead.
Hast thou any sons ?
How many children hast
iJiou?
How old will the eldest
son be? *
Is thy father living ?
Yes, he is living, but is an
^Id grey-beard.
Is thy mother alive ?
My mother is dead.
Hast thou any brothers ?
I have one brother.
Is there a son bom in thy
house, or a daughter?
My wife has given birth
to a son.
What is thy name, and
what name hast thou given
to thy son ?
Is thy master within or
not?
Sta num t§ah daey ? (or^
Num di tsah daey ?)
Num mi Tar Muhammad
daey.
Da, komey kali yey ?
Lah 0rguna raghaJaey
yam, aw Zarghun Sliahr tah
4zam.
Wada'h di karey day*
kih yah.
Wada'h mi karey wa'h,
wali tabar mi mara'h sh'wa'h.
Dzaman di shtah ?
Tso farzand di shtah ?
Mashar dzo-e (also, zo-e)
bah da tso kalo wi ?
Plar di jzwandaey daey ?
Ho, jzwandaey daey,
wal-e zor spin-jziraey daey.
Mor di jzwanda'i da'h ?
Mor mi m'ra'h da'h.
W'rurnah di shtah.
Tow w'ror laram.
Sta pah kor k'^hey dzo-e
shawaey daey, kih liir?
Tabar mi ^o-e rawapiey
daey.
Num di tsah daey, aw
pser dzo-e di tsah num yaiSh-
aey daey ?
Tsai^htan di da>nanah daey
kih nah daey ?
* See Syntax of the verb, para. 1, page 79.
Digitized by Google
EXEBCISBS AND DIALOGUES.
167
Is anyone witliin (the
house) ?
Master is within.
He has just now arisen
from sleep (got up).
Why hast thou come ?
Why, during the whole
day, didst thou not come?
My house is defenceless.
I was much astonished at
this act.
After having dressed thy-
self come to me.
When he comes inform
(acquaint) me.
Come inside.
Sit beside me, friend.
My back itches : scratch
it.
I had become as one de-
mented.
This peach is sweeter than
sugar or than confection.
The roof leaks : repair it
(mend it).
The cup cracked in my
hand and went to pieces.
That (female's) comeliness
does not come up to this
one's good looks.
Attend to my words, and
before going finish this
work.
Pah kor kMhey tsok
shtah?
SaJ^ib pah kor kMhey
daey.
Aos lah^uba patsedalaey
daey.
Waley ra-ghlaey jej ?
Da tgah da-parah drasta'h
rwadz ra-nah-gley ?
Kor mi ^ushaey daey.
Lah dey kara mi der ta'j-
jub wu-kay.
Zairukaey a^^ustaey pah
nazd dz'ma ra-shah.
Har-kalah chih haghah
ra-shi ma ^abar k'f ah.
Dananah ra-shah.
Yarah, ma tsa^ah k'she-
nah.
Sha mi ^ariihtejzi : wu-
yey-garawah.
Da lewanaey pah shan
shawaey wum.
Da shuftalu tar kand tar
^alwa ^ojz daey.
Da khiiney chat tsatsi : j Of
yey k'rah.
Dz'ma pah las k'l^hey
piala'h wu-chawda'h darey
darey sh'wa'h (or^ sh'wala'h).
Da hij^ey ^ha-ist da
di^ey wa ^ha-ist tah nah-
rasejzi.
Dz'ma ^abara'h wu-man-
ah, aw pa-^wa lah t'lalo
(or, pa-khwa tar t'lalo) da
kar purah k'rah.
Digitized by Google
158
PtrSHTO MANXTAL.
With this affair you have
no concern.
Draw the curtain back
that there may be some
light: the room is very
dark.
It grows late : it is neces-
sary we should depart.
Keep this thing about
thee (oTy with thee) : some
time or other it will be use-
ful to thee.
Why have you come back
again ?
What business have ye
here?
Call that little boy to me.
Whom dost thou teach
now?
At this time, indeed, I
have no pupil.
I do lUot know who thou
art.
Put this letter (lit paper)
into an envelope.
This vessel (basin, pan),
is filled with water. Empty
it, but pour out the water
slowly.
With what object (desire,
bent, longing) have you
come ?
Come inside the door.
Pah dey bab k*^hey stasu
hits i^araz nah-shtah.
Parda'h liri k'rah chih
rami, shey: ^iina'h dl^ra'h
tarika'h da'h.
Na-waktejzi : bo-yah chih
lar shii.
Da tsiz lah dzana sarah
wu-satah: kalah nah kalah
pah kar bah di shi.
Waley bi-yartah ra-|^li
ya'ai?
Daltah tsah kar lar'aJ?
Ha^^ah wurukaey halak
ra-wu-bolah.
Tah cha tah aos sabak
war-kawey ?
Pah dey rwadzo k'^hey
kho shagird nah laram.
Tah nah pohejzam chih
teok yey.
Daghah kaghig pah lifa-
fa'h k'l^hey wachawah (or,
pah lifafa'h k'^hey dza-e
k'rah).
Da lo-i^haey lah aobo nah
4ak daey. Tash yey k'rah :
waley w'ro w'ro yey to-e
k'rah.
Pah kama'h tama*a'h
sarah ra-^ali ya'ai ?
Da warah dananah ra-
shah.
Digitized by Google
BXBBCI8ES AND DIALOOUES.
159
Thou startest at this like
a horse at a post.
Drive away the dogs from
the house (or, tent) : they
annoy me much.
Blacken Hafiz Nuri's
beard, it has become
grizzled.
I have never said so at
any time.
Weigh this thing how
much it is.
How much is this thing
in weight]?
Stand in dread of fire, so
that thy house be not
burnt.
Do not be heedless of this
communication.
Do not throw this thing
away, it will become useful.
Do not trouble me to-day :
I will talk with thee on this
subject some other day.
Will 'XJmr have reached
that place by this time ?
At the time they were
coming I was saying my
prayers.
I had told thee before
that I would do so, so it
behoveth me to do it.
Tah lah dey nah hasey
tarhejzey lakah as lah na^h-
ey.
Lah derey nah spi wu-
shafah: ^er mi bad ^zini
ra-dzi.
Da Hafiz Nuri jjira'h
tora'h k'rah, braga'h shawey
dey.
Ma hicharey (also, hits-
kalah) dasey nah daey way-
alaey.
Da tsizah wu-talah chih
tsombrah daey.
Da tsiz pah tol k'l^hey
tsombrah daey ?
Lah aorah pah tara'h
k'^hey aosah, chih kor di wu-
nah-swadzi.
Lah dey wa-yalo nah bey-
parwa mah shah.
Da^^h tsiz mah-ghfisrza-
wah, bah pah kar ra-shi.
Ma tah nan z ah mat mah
ra-kawah : bsela'h rwadz bah
pah dey bab k'l^hey lah tah
sarah ^abarey wu-k'^am.
'XJmr bah tar aosa pori
haghah dza'e tah rasedalaey
wi?
Ha^ah wakt chih du-i
ra-t'lal namundz mi kawuh.
Ma ta tah wa-yalaey wuh
chih dasey bah wu-k'yam,
nur bo-yah chih jej wu-
k'ram.
Digitized by Google
160
PU8HTO MANUAL.
After some time we will
come.
To-day a woman threw
herself into a well.
This boy is very bashful.
Those maidens are very
modest.
I passed a long time at
Kandahar.
Smell that flower: what
deHghtful perfume it yields.
It behoveth that this busi-
ness be completed in a short
time.
Sell me this thing.
The palm of my hand
itehes : some say it is a sign
of coming wealth, but God
knows whether it is true or
not.
Thou spendest my money
improperly.
Why dost thou grieve so
much about this trifling
matter (or, affair) ?
This is good and that too:
both are good.
Bring a needle and thread :
my clothes are tern.
All my garments are
soiled with mud.
Fas lah tsah mudey bah
miij^ (aisoy mungah) ra-shu.
Nan yowey ^hadzey ^pul
dzan kii-i teli wu-gheerza-
wah.
Daghah halak der sharm-
nak daey.
Du-i pegh-ley derey haya-
darey dey.
Pera'h muda'h mi pah
Kandahar k'^hey tera'h
k'ra'h.
Ha^ah gul bii-e k'rah:
tsah ^ha-istah bu-e tri patp.
Pah lajz sa'at k'^hey (or,
pah kama'h muda'h k'^hey)
da kar tamam karaey bo-
jah.
Da tsiz pah ma wu-pro-
lah.
Wari^owaey mi ^ariiht
kawey, aw dzmi wa-yi chih
da na^ha'h da daulat da
rat'lo da'h, magar !Qudae
z'dah chih ri^hti'a daey kih
nah.
Tah dz'ma rupa'i bey-
dza'eah khartsawey.
Pah dey spuk kar k'shey
hombrah ghnxa. tsalarah
^urey ?
Da hum ^hseh ha g hah
hum ^hseh : dwa^rah ^hseh di.
Stan aw sparnsaey ra-
Vyah : dz'ma n'mara'i tsirey
shawey dey.
Toley jamey mi pah ^ato
sarah kaka^rey shawey dey.
Digitized by Google
EZEBCISBS AND DIALOGTTBS.
161
They are not five nor ten,
but more.
I liave no small cliange,
otlierwise tills thing is to be
purchased {pr^ to be bought) .
What merit do these men
possess ?
I do not understand the
purpose of these men.
It does not come within
my comprehension that from
them a good action will pro-
ceed.
Thou wilt be sorry for
these words hereafter.
I now much regret this
act.
So-and-so is ill : let us go
and inquire after him.
This act is incumbent on
you.
Eemind me at mid-day
(mid-day prayer time), and
I will do it.
This is a very wonderful
matter (pry thmg, &c.): I
cannot understand it.
In bygone (former) years
it could not happen so.
But this is a .difficult
matter : it is not to be done
by him.
I have made a bet (laid a
wager) with them.
Pindgah nah di aw nah
las dlj magar zi-at di.
Paisey nah-laram, kih nah
da tsiz da ra-niwalo daey.
Daghah safi tgaJi ^ubl
lari?
Da da^o sa^o pah matlab
bandi nah-pohejzam.
Dz'ma pah poha'h nah
ra-dzi chih lah du-io bah da
khair kar wu-shi.
Pah dey ^abarey pasi
(oTy pasey) bah tah arman
wu-k'rey.
Aos dera'h toba'h kajzam
lah dey kara.
Lap shu, falanaey, mariz
daey, pu^htana'h yey wu-
k'ru.
Da kar pah tasu band!
lazim daey.
Namaz-pe^hln tah ma yad
k'irah, da kar bah wu-k']ram.
Daij^ah dera'h nadira'h
^abara'h da'h, dz'ma 'akl
nah pah rasejzi.
Pah pa-^wa kaluno
k'ihey dasey nah shah ke-
dalaey.
Wal-e da ^abara'h sakh-
ta'h da*h: da dah kawulo
nah da'h.
Ma lah hugho sarah shart
wu-tafah.
Digitized by GoOglell
162
F^SBTO XAVXTAIi.
What affliction (or, dis-
tress)' lias be&Jlen thee?
What art thou aonojed
about?
With the will of God,
such will take place (hap-
pen).
What a good master so-
and-so is !
He is a mort ruthless f el«
low.
He is a most wrathful
officer.
Oh friend! usedest thou
to do this?
If Ma]ji]nud comes I will
give him a book.
If you cultivate know-
ledge you will obtain respect.
'XTsman is gone, friend!
he was a good man: may
God reward him!
Oh Khan ! may Gtod long
preserve thee !
This Biaa snores in his
sleep.
I want to sneeze, but can-
not.
Why hast thou shown so
much tardiness in coming ?
Didst thou meet with any
obstruction ?
Take a broom and sweep
{he place.
LiglMi th9 fire and put out
the lamp.
Pah ta bandi teahtangsa'h
da'h ? Pah tsah swadsey ?
Da l^udae pah l^ukam
sarah bah hasey wu-shi.
Falanaey tsah ^hseh tgai^-
tan daey!
Lah ^ladda zi'at der na-
kara sajuey daey.
Ha.^^^ tar l^adda dlor
kahr-jan sardar daey.
Tarah ! da kar ball di wu^
kar?
Kih Ma^ud ra-«hi kitib
bah war-k'yam.
Kih 'ibn kar'ai 'izB«t hah
mum'ai.
XJsman wu-lar yarah !
iShseh saraey wuh: Shudae
di ^air war pesh k'ri I
Khan Sahiba! l^udae di
tar ^er jzwandaey larey !
Da^^ah saraey pah ^ub
k'^hey ^arkaey kawi.
Qi^waram chih wu-n'jfam
lekin n'jsalaey na-sham.
Pah ra-t'lo k'lihey di wali
hasey 4«r dirang (or, dzan4)
wu-kar? tsah n'^hata'h ri
pei^ha'h sh'wa'h (or, ay pe^h
ahah)?
Kibuz (or, ribuz) wakbliili
aw 4za'e tah jarii k'yah.
Aor bal ka aw ohiragli
map k'rah.
d by Google
EXBBOIBIS A2n> DIALOGXTES.
168
I have no appetite: I am
not hungry : I do not desire
anything.
Dost thou not know the
difference between right and
wrong?
Why dost thou baric like
a dog?
Such pain conies over me
that I am unable to bear it.
Hast thou seen mj helmet
anywhere ?
Tou made inquiry of me
before.
Do not keep the fast at
this time, for thou art sick.
Open the door.
I may have opened it.
Open the chest.
Alas! alas! what is this
thing that thou hast done ?
Salim brought me by
force.
The kazi of our city is
yery just, and men of learn-
ing he cherishes much.
Does any acquaintance-
ship exist between thee and
so-and-so ?
1 do not know who he is.
What dost thou call this
thing?
This is called a lungi.
Where are such things
made?
Wulgah mi nah-kejzi :
lewal nah yam: hi^ nah
g fr wayam.
Hits ^abar nah yey pah
Jl^yaram aw pah l;^tlal r
Waley da spi pah shaa
gbapey ?
Da rangah dard ra-dzl
chih z'ghamalaey yey nah
sham.
EJ^ol mi dl chartah lidal<*
aey daey?
Tasu lah ma nah pa-U^wa
pui^itana'h wu-k'^aHi.
Pah dey rwadzo k'ihey
rojza'h mah nisah chih
man? yey.
War pra-nadzah.
S^ala^ ka^aey bah mi wi.
gmduV l^alas k'^rah.
'reg^ah ! D'reghah! tsah
kar daey chih di wu-kar ?
Sallm zah pah zor botamu
^'mujz da ^hahr V^
4er 'adil daey, aw da 'alim-
ano ^hseh tarbiyat kawi.
Sta aw da f alani tar mi-
yan^g ^ah pej^and-galwi
shtah?
Zah yey nah pejzanam
chih tsok daey.
Da tsiz ^h boley! (oVf
Dey tah tsah wa-yey ?
Da lunga'i wa-yaley shey.
Hasey |^zunah pah kaia
^a-e }ore]2i f
vGoiJle*
164
PU8HTO HANXJAX.
' These words are contrary
to reason.
I have not the heart to do
this (or, lit My heart does
not desire that I should do
so).
I do not desire to come.
My heart does not incline
me to go.
This is a momentous
afEair: it requires to be
done with reflection (or,
•carefully).
I ran at such a pace that
all became astonished.
I went to the bazar on
Friday.
• Jalal said thus before the
magistrate (or, official).
Thou art a mean fellow
that thou hast done this
thing.
I am certain that this is
thy doing.
• Why hast thou not in-
formed me ?
• These words of mine are
for thy advantage, if thou
(but) knowest.
First look to your own
advantage and injury.
t Whatever thing pleases
thee, take it.
• This is a bygone afEair
(matter) : it is not good to
remember it in any way. •
Da khabarey lah 'akl nah
lirey dey.
Z'lpah mi nah-ghwari chih
hasey wu-Fram.
Nah ghwaram chih ra-
sham.
Z'rah mi nah kejzi chih
dzam.
Da giran kar daey : pah
fikr sarahkaraey bo-yah.
Pah hasey z'j^asta'h wu-
z^ghastam chih fol hairan
sh'wal.
Da Jum'ey pah rwadz
k'^hey bazar tah laram.
Jalal da hakim tar ma^a
hasey wu-wa-yal.
Tah spuk saraey jej chih
da kar di karaey daey.
Ta^in mi daey chih da
da sta k'rah daey.
Ta waley ma ^abar ka^*
aey nah daey ?
Da wa-yal mi sta da siid
di kih pohejzey.
• Wyumbaey ^pul sud o
zi-yan tah wu-goya*i.
Har tsiz chih di ^wa^l;L
wi wa-yey-^lah.
Da tera'h ^abara'h da'h :
yadawul y^y pah hits shan
^hseh nah da'h.
d by Google
EXBBCISBS AND DIALOGUBS.
165
This information (pr^ ac-
count, rumour, &c.) ema-
nated from the city.
Come at noon : at present
I am not at leisure.
A long time has elapsed :
what, has not that man
arrived yet ?
Sprinkle water here to lay
the dust (Jiit. that the dust
may lie).
We are now freed of aU
our griefs.
TVTiile you were coming I
was donning my clothes.
Boil water and get some
tea ready.
I took fifty rupis on loan
{or, I borrowed fifty rupis).
To whom shall I give the
money ?
I gave them to Daulat.
'Umr, Yiisuf , and Isma'il
(all three) beat Ahmad.
I beat Khalil : I gave him
such a beating that he will
remember it.
I saw 'Isa when we were
(both) riding.
I saw Farid while he was
being beaten.
The water is risen level
with the wood.
One riipi is a great deal
between thee and Jamal too.
Da Uabara'h lah i^hahra
wu-wata'h.
Gharma'h ra-shah: aos
waz-gar nah yam.
Per wakt ter shah : aya
haghah saraey tah aosa la
ra-ghalaey nah daey ?
Aoba'h daltah wu-pashah^
chih durey k'^heni.
Aos lah tolo ghamo bey-
gham yu.
Chih tasu ra-t'la'al ma
n'mara'i aghustaley.
Aoba'h wu-yashawah aw
chahey tai-yarey k'rey.
Pindzos rupa'i mi pahpor
wakhistaley.
Rupa'i wa-cha-tah war- .
k'ram?
Ma wa Daulat tah rupa'i
war k'yey.
'Umr, aw Tusuf, aw Is-
ma'il Ahmad yey wu-wahah.
Ij^alil mi wu-wahah (pVy
Ma Khalil wu-wahah) : pah
hasey wahal mi wa-wahah
chih yad bah yey lari.
Ma 'Isa pah sparli k'^hey.
wu-lid.
Farid mi wahalaey wu-
lidah.
Aoba'h lah largi sarah^
barabarey sh'wey.
Pera'h da'h yowa'h rupa'i
pser ta lah Jamal sarah.
Digitized by Google
166
PtXSHTO MAinTAL.
I brought IbraHm on thy
accoimt.
All are not the same
alike: some are oldsters,
some youngsters, some old^
some young.
He is a great wa^ (wit,
satirist, <&c.)
Such may be the case or
not, but if he is wise he will
not practise his jokes upon
lis.
Do not practise thy plea-
santries upon me if thou art
wise.
If you act according to
this Bidvice (lit speech, &c.)
you will obtain much ad-
Tantage.
I cannot imagine that
from this good will accrue.
He did not see me, but I
saw him.
Do not say anything to
them on this subject.
They are base people:
they never acted honestly.
Do not act like an ass:
use manliness in thy doings.
Had we laughed, they
would have been greatly
pleased.
May God preserve thee,
but do not forget us.
Ibrahim mi sta pah sabab
ra-wost.
Tol pah yowah shan nah
di: tsok masharan, dzini
kasharan <H, tsok zo|r, dzini
^zwan.
Haghah der toki sapaey
daey.
Hasey bah wi kih bah nah
wi, waley kih ho^hyar daey
lah mujz sarah tokey bah
nah k'ri.
Lah ma sarah tokey mah
kawah kih ho^hyar yey.
Kih 'ami pah da wa-yal
wu-k'ra'ai der ^air bah mu-
m'ai.
Dz'ma pah poha'h nah ra-
dzi chih lah dah da Ubiair kar
wu-shi.
Zah yey nah lidalam,
waley ma yey wu-lidah.
Hugho tah pah dey bab
k'^hey hits mah-wa-yah,
Ha^ah kama^l ^alk di:
hits-kalah^ jej rii^hti'a nah
kawal.
Da y^'rah pah dod (oVf
pah shan, or, ^undey) kar
mah-kawah: sayaey-tob pall
kar ^ar^ k'rah.
Kih mujz khandaJi wae,
du-i bah der ^waih shawi
wii.
Khudae di wu-satah,
waley muiz mah herawah.
DiJ^edbyV^OOgle
EXEBCISBS AlTD DIALOaiTBS.
167
v@odblesstibee> (pr^ God
be good to thee ! &c.)
May Ck)d preserve you:
I have committed you unto
God.
This is a very upright
person.
They are honest men.
That is an honest woman.
These are upright women.
That is a very old and
toothless old woman.
Fetch twenty-one rupis
from him.
Take this melon from
him.
That woman has fallen in
love with {or, become at-
tached to) him.
I understand that thou
art in love with Nask's
daughter ; in fact, that thou
art mad after her.
They are my friends, if
thou understandest.
What sort of friendship
(aUo, intimacy) is it that
thou showest towards them?
I will sing a ditty, do
thou pipe a little.
Wish, KJbiudae di pah zer-
ma'h shah!
Da Khudae pah aman:
pser !Q^udae nu suparali
ya'ai.
Ha-yah 4®r ri^hionaey
sa^raey daey.
Haghah rii^htini sari di.
Hag^ah ri^htiney ^adz-
a'h da'h.
Dai^ah ri^htini ^adzey
dey.
Ha^ah dera'hzara'h kan-
4asa'h da'h.
War dza.khah yow-wisht
rupa'i ra-w'rah.
Da sardah lah haghah
dza^ah wakh-lah.
Falana'i ^adza'h pah
haghah bandi mayana'h
shawey dey.
Pohejzam chih da Na^ir
pah lur bandi mayan yey;
balkih pasey* lewanaey yey.
Haghah dz'ma ashna'ean
di kih pohejzey.
Da kam rang da ashna'i
da'h chih lah hu|^o sarah
tah yey kawey ?
Zah bah landa'i wayam,
tah tsaUiO shpela'i wu-wah-
ah.
* For this form of paa and yey combined, see Dictionary,
page 1106.
Digitized by Google
168
PUSHTO MAKXTAL.
What dost thou do (ovj
occupy thyself in) at home ?
' I pass my nights in idle-
ness.
Is there a son bom in thy
house, or a daughter ?
My wife has given birth
to a son.
What is thy name, and
what name hast thou given
to thy son ?
'Umr's father and mother
are both blind.
His sister is a widow, and
his mother is grown very
aged.
Women generally are
weaker than men.
My intention is not such
that I would lend out money
on usury : if thou imaginest
such thou dost not under-
stand.
These two youths are my
foster brothers, and that
man is my middle brother.
That is a very pretty
girl.
She is our foster sister.
Which among these bro-
thers is the youngest, and
which the oldest ?
This is a good man.
These are good men.
Pah kor k*6hey tsah kar
kawey?
' Pah bey-kari shpey tera-
wimi.
Sta pah kor k'^hey dzo-e
shawaey daey kih lur?
Tabarnu dzo-e rawaraey
daey.
Num di tgah daey, aw pah
dzo-e di tsah num ya^haey
daey?
Da 'XJmr 'plar mor dwap-
ah irandah di.
!|^or yey kunda'h da'h,
aw mor yey spinsara'h shaw-
ey da'h.
Khadzey aksar tar saro
nah kam-zorey di.
Ni-yat mi da rangah nah
daey chih pah sud band!
rupa'i spari k'ram: kih dasey
atkalawey nah pohejzey.
Da^ah dwah dzwanan
dz'ma da ti w'riimah di, aw
haghah saraey dz'ma mi-
yandzwaey w*ror daey.
Da dera'h ^halsta'h jinal
da'h.
Dz'mujz ti ttor da'h.
Lah hugho w'rurno nah
kam yow mashar w'ror daey,
kam kashar ?
Da (or, da^ah, or, ha-
yah) ^hfleh sayaey daey.
Da (or, da^ah, or^ ha-
yah) ihsdh. sap di.
Digitized by Google
BXEBCISBS AND DIALOGITES.
16Sf.
This is a good woman.
These are good women.
What sayest thou to poor
me?
WoxQd that Eahman had
come!
I swear, by Gk>d, that I
never drink wine.
Who said so ? Hast thou
heard so?
This fellow contends with
me.
What! did Shahbaz strike
thee?
brother, hear my words!
Islam !^an is a great
man ; he is very rich.
If you come to me I will
give you a present.
1 shall not read with my
pupils to-day, because it is
iViday.
I am the third generation
(third in descent) from
Mulla Muhammad.
This thing has come into
my hands gratis.
. Take out the meal from
Da (or, da^ah, or, ha-
yah) ^ha'h ^adza'h da'h.
Da (or, daghah. ovy ha-
yah) ^hey ^adzey dey.
Ma khwar tah tsah wa-
yey?
Kash-ld Eahman ra-ghal-
aey wae!
l^asm Khudae jzo kih
sharab hits kalah wu-
ts'^ham.*
Hasey cha wu-wayal ? Ta
hasey arwedalaey daey?
Da saraey lah ma sarah
jang kawi.
Tsah ! Shahbaz wu-wa-
haley?
Ai w'rorah, dz'ma kha-
barey war-wah !
Islam !Qan lo-e saraey
daey ; der daulat lari.
Xihma tah ra-sha'ai in' am
bah dar k'ram.
Kan zah wa-shagirdano
tah sabak nah-wa-yam, chih
juma'h da'h.
Lah MuUa Muhammad
nah zah dreyama'h pera'i
yam.
Daghah tsiz mi wena
pah las k'iShey wataey daey.
, Da warah \or, aorah) tri
* Lit " It is an oath by God if I ever drink wine."
Conscientious Musalmans will not take an oath.
d by Google
170
PU8HTO MANTTAL,
tbe liand-milly and make
bread with it.
To-niglit give an enter-
tainment to five or seven
persons.
I am become somewhat
himgry: I will eat some
meat.
Bring me a little salt.
I have lost a thing: if
thou hast seen it bring it
to me.
Unto whom did the lot
faU?
In this affair yon have
wearied us much (greatly).
Mj sleeve is very loose
(oTy open) : tighten it a
Uttle (somewhat).
The kid sucks its mother's
teats.
Pull up (root up) the tree
from that place and plant it
in another : it will strike.
My father has cows, and
I am his cow-herd.
That cow is a stranger:
it is not my property.
Is this mountain-goat a
female or a male ?
Upon what ridges do the
mountain - deer generally
feed?
michan wu-basah, aw map-
a'i tri pa^ah k'fah.
Kan shpey lah da pindzo
aowo kaso melmasti'a wu-
k'rah.
Zah lakutey(aZ90,lakttt^)
wajzaey shawaey yam : ^ah
ghwai^hey wu-^iiram.
Lakutey malga'h ra-laraih
ra-k'rah.
Tow tsiz mi wuruk shaw-
aey daey : kih bah ta lidal-
aey wey ra-yey-k'rah.
Hiska'h da cha pah namali
wu-Uiatala'h (or, Pacha'h
pah cha bandi pre-watala'h) ?
Pah dey kar k'^hey tasu
mujz der stari kari yu.
Lastumaey mi der arat
daey : tsakho yey tang k'rah.
Wuri^umaey da mor 1i
rawi.
Da wana'h lah ha^ah
dza'ea wu-kajzah aw bsel
dza'e yey kejzdah : wu-bah-
lagi.
Plar mi ghwa (in Western
Afghanistan the plural is
ghwawi) lari: ^obah yey
zah yam.
Da ghwa prada'i da'h:
dz'ma mal nah da'h.
Da ghartsa'h ^adza'h
da'h kih nar daey ?
Sij^ey pah komo warsako
bandi akgir tsar! ?
Digitized by Google
BXBBCISBS AND DIALOaUBS.
171
Where is thy home?
At ^wara'h Margha*k
That is a very distant
country (alsOf home, &c.) :
God only knows how we
shall reach it.
Do not entertain (nourish)
any hope from it : you will
not obtain any advantage
therefrom.
Call him hither who is
standing at the gate : I have
business with him.
There is neither room
within nor without: where
shall I recline (repose) my-
self?
Thou art not equal to me
in height.
Inform the master of the
house that I have come.
He is not within (not at
home) : he has gone out.
A man was going along
the road with some woman.
Another man met them, and
he inquired of the man,
" What relationship is there
between this woman and
thee ? " He replied, " My
mother - in - law and her
mother-in-law are mother
and daughter." What rela-
tionship, therefore, bears
this woman to the man ?
Kor di chartah daey?
Pah ^waira'h Mar^^'h
daey.
Da der liri watan daey:
ig^udae z'dah tsah-rang bah
war wa-rasejzu.
Hits umid lah haghah
mah lar'ai : f a'idah bah nah
tri wu-win'ai.
Haghah chih pah wara
bandi walay daey ra yey wu-
bolah : kar pah laram.
Nah dananah dza'e shtah
nah dabandi: chartah aykh
wu-lagawum ?
Tah pah kadd k'shey
ds'ma barabar nah yey.
Da kor tsa^htan ra-khabar
k'l^h chih zah ra-glaey yam.
Dananah nashtah : da
bandi watalaey daey.
Tow saraey lah komey
iShadzey sarah peer lari ta-i
(E., tah). BsbI saraey peer
pe^h shah, suwal yey tri wu-
kar chih "da ^hadza'h sta
tsah da'h?" Dah war-tah
wu-wey, "dz'ma ^wa^hey
da dey ^wa^hey sarah mor
aw lur di." Nur da ^hadza'h
da dey sari tsah kejzi ?
Digitized by Google
172
PUSHTO MANUAL.
Wise Saws and SATiNas.
Entertain not the hope of
faithfuhiess from the base,
r Error on the part of the
honourable is not to be ex-
pected.
The base possess not
faithfuhiess : (nor) the noble
faithlessness.
Acquire knowledge, for it
is glory in religion and the
world.
This world is the field of
the world to come: that
which you sow that you will
reap.
Guard thyself from igno-
rance, for it is dishonour
both in religion and the
world.
Every one is ignorant of
his own faults.
Q-rieve not about what
has passed, for it will not
come back again.
To give abuse to anyone,
or to terrify one out of one's
life, is not the act of a man.
The acquintanceship of a
hundred years becomes
severed in a moment.
No human being is free
from fault: all are stained
with sin.
The kid lies down by its
mother's side.
Lah bad-a§lah da wafa
umid wa-mah-k'rah.
Lah a^ilah da k^ata umid
nah kejzi.
Bad-a§i wafa nah Ian:
nek-zat bey-wafa'i.
'Hm z'dahk'rah, chih 'izzat
da din aw da dunya daey.
Da dunya ki^ht da a^irat
daey: har-chihkar'ai hagh-
ah bah re-b'ai.
Lah jahla dzan wu-jz*-
ghorahy chih bey 'izzati da
din aw da dunya da'h.
Har tsok pah ^pul 'alb
na-poh daey.
Da ter shawaey kar arman
mah kawah, chih bi-yartah
pah las nah ra>shi.
Peghor war-kawul wa-
cha-tah, ya tsok lah dzana
tarhawul, da ma^ro kar nah
daey.
Da salo kalo ashna'i pah
yowah dam g^wutsa'h shi.
Hits bani adam lah gun-
aha kbala^ah nah daey: tol
pah gunah aludah di.
Ser-la'i da mor pah tsang
k'iShey pre-w'zi.
Digitized by Google
EXBBCISBS AND DIALOaUBS.
173
The brown (dusty brown,
lit) dog is the wolfs bro-
ther.
As the forest is, so is its
jackal.
Do not eject the water
from the eyes of the blind.
If the mountain is a for-
tress, there is a road on the
summit of it.
Than two raisins one date
is good.
The sport of an ass is
either wind from behind or
-a kick.
Death on a full belly is
good.
Before reaching the water
doff not the san&ls.
From an empty gun two
persons quail.
Drive a thief, but not to
the house.
It is a great art to do the
right thing at the right
season.
Slow and steady wins the
race.
Pride at last shall have a
fall.
Example is better than
practice.
The most insignificant
persons are generally the
most presuming.
Better be wise by the mis-
fortunes of others than by
your own.
^8Br spaey da lewah
w'ror daey.
Lakah dzangal hasey yey
chaghal.
Da |>undo stargo aoba'h
mah-basah.
G^ar kih hi^ax daey, pah
sar yey lar dey.
Tar dwey watskey yow
^urma i^ha'h.
Da kb'rah bazi ya goz ya
laghata'h.
Marg pah ^k nas ihsdh
daey.
Pa-kbwa tar aobo gaw-li
mah kajzah.
Lah tasha'h topaka'h
dwah kasa werejzi.
^al wu-sharah, magar
nah tah kor.
Lo-e hunr daey kawul da
la-ik kar pah munasib wakt
k'^hey.
Karar aw gabit-kadam
shart gafi.
Ma^ruri ^o bah akbir
pre-Vzi.
Tamsil bih-tar daey tar
pand kawulo.
Per spuk aw na-karah
khalk 'aksar lah tolo nah la
tar haddah gusta^ di.
Bih-tar daey hoi^hyar
sh'wal lah afato da nuro tar
afato l^pulo.
Digitized by Google
174
PirSHTO VLkSTJAIi.
There is no eje like the
master's eye.
One man's meat is another
man's poison.
A bird in the hand is
worth two in the bush.
Stretch thy arm no farther
than thy sleeye will reach.
Old birds are not caught
with chaff.
Avoid too powerful neigh-
bours ; for, should there be
a collision, the weakest goes
to the wall.
It is one thing to propose,
another to execiSie.
They who neglect their old
friends for the sake of new,
are rightly served if they
lose both.
He that prays harm for
his neighbour, begs a curse
upon hunself .
In choosing allies we must
look to their power as well
as their will to aid us*
Nah-shtah hits starga'h
lakah starga'h da tsa^htan.
!Q^wara'h da yowah
8haJ^9 zahr da beel da'h.
Tow murghah pah las
k'^hey sheeh daey tar dwo
nasto pah butaey.
Tar aojzwalaey da las-
tumo ^pulo las mah-ghaz-
awah.
Zaf ah murghan pah pra|*-
ah nah-giriftarejzi.
Parhez wu-kj^'ai lah 4©ro
«orawaro ham - sayagano ;
tsalarah chih kih aaxdSi wu*
n'shal'ai, haghah chih kam-
zoraey daey tabah bah shi.
Wrandi kawal da tadbir
vow tsiz daey, magar pah
'ami ra-w'ral bgel tsiz.
Ha^ah kasan chih ghaf-
lat pah nisbat wa kadimi
dostano tah da-parah da
nawio dostano kawi, kih
dwarah wuruk k'yi la-i^
daey.
Haghahtsok chih du'a da-
parah da zi-yan da hum-sa-
vah kbpul kawi, iltimas da
bala pah ^bpul dzan kawi.
Pah ghwarah kawulo da
'ahdiano har kalah chih
na^ar wa-marzi-tah da du-i
da-parah da madad ^z'mujs
kawu bo-yah chih peer
tawan da du-i hum na^ar
wu-k'pi.
d by Google
BXBBCISBS AND DIALOGTTBS.
175
He who incites to strife
is worse than he who takes
part in it.
There is more danger from
a pretended friend than
from an open enemy.
The worth of money is
not in its possession, but in
its use.
The quarrels of friends
aie the opportunities of
foes.
Facts speak pkun^ than
words.
Eetribution, though late,
oomes at last.
Presumption begins in
ignorance and ends in ruin.
' It is too late to whet the
sword when ihe trumpet
sounds to draw it.
One good turn deserves
Ibno^er.
Better scare a thief than
snare him — drive a thief,
but not towards the house.
When our neighbour's
house is on fire, it is time to
look to our own.
Haghah sa^aey chih da-
paiah da jang nur patsawi
4er bad daey tar hu gl^ o
chih pah k'l^hey sharik di.
Lah libasi dostah zi-atey
^atra'h da'h tar ^hiri
du^hmanah.
Fazilat da daulat pah
darlal k'l^hey da haghah
nah-shtah, balkih pah kar
ra Vralo da haghah daey.
Jagrey da dostano f ur^at-
finfl.li da du^manano di.
jzaba'h da l^al faf i]^ tar-
a'h da'h tar j^aba'hda inal^al.
Jaza, kih tsah hxim pah
dirang wi, magar pah a^ir
^o ra-dri.
Gusta^ pah jahalat
sharu' kejzi aw pah tabahi
k'iShey tamamejzi.
SEar-kalah chih kama wa-
haley sh! da k'l^halo da turey
wa^t da*parah da terawalo
da higher ter shah.
Fi'l QSb neka'i wajibu-1-
'iwaz daey.
Werawul da g^'keh Jbih-
tar daey tar achawulo yey
pah dam k'^hey — ijial thar-
ah magar nah tah kor.
Har-kalah chih pah kor
da hum-sayah dz'mujz aor
la^dalaey wi, wal^t daey
chih mujz l^abardan da kor
khpul wu-k'yu.
Digitized by Google
176 PTTSHTO MANUAL.
A coward can be a hero at Na-mard lah liri bahadur
a distance ; it is the presence kedalaej shi ; magar huzur
of danger that tests pre- da ^atrej daej chih azma'
sence of mind. i^ht da z'rah-war-tob kawi.
It is a wise son who knows Per 'akil dzo-e daey chih
his own father. Upnl plar pejzani.
Fortune is like unto a potter: it &8hioneth and
breaketh :
Hanj, like unto me and thee, it hath created and
destroyed.
Da f alak kulal daej ; sazawul aw matawul ka :
Der jej ma wa ta ghundi paida k'yal hum fana.
He who placeth any hope upon the fabric of this world,
Embarketh, on a tour of the ocean, in a paper boat.
Chih umid pah 'imarat da di dunya ka.
Da kaghiz pah kii^hti sair da darya ka..
A spoiled son taketh not to discipline and instruction ;
And a shaded palm-tree yieldeth not ripe dates.
Nazawulaey dzo-e nah a^-li adab ;
Aw da seo-ri naU^ nah nisi ratb.
The deeds of men will be many, (and) their words few ;
But the acts of recreants are few, and their boastings
many.
Da mardano kardah der, wayal yey lajz wi ;
Da na-mardo 'ami lajz wi, ^^r jej laf wi.
d by Google
:'•*--
177
PUS'HTO MANUAL.
PART III.
VOOABTTLAET,
ENGLISH AND PTJS'HTO.
Abbbeyiations.
[w. noun; a. adjective; v,i, verb intransitive; v. ^. verb
transitive ; he. where the anxiliarj kedal is used ; ha.
where kawal is used ; ad. adverb ; co. conjunction ; pr.
preposition ; po. post-position ; and in. interjection.]
A.
abandon — ablution.
abandon^ v.t. pre-jzdal, pre-iShodal, pre-i^h'wal.
abandonment, n. pre-^hodana'h, pre-i^howuna'h.
aba^e, v.t. spukawul.
abasement^ n. spuk-walaej.
abash, v.t. shannawul.
abate, v.i. kamedal, lajzedal ; v.t. kamawul, la^awul.
able, a. tuwana ; to he able, v.i. tuwanedal, v.t. tuwan laral,
talkiat laral, zor laral.
ability, n. was, jarz, takat.
ablution, n. ghusl. (ceremonial) wazu.
Digitized by G00gle^2
178 abode — accoutre.
abode, n. astogah, dza'e, mishta'li.
abolish, y.t. maukuf ka., man'a'h ka.
ahominahle, a. palit, bad, kraka'h, stu^.
abominate, y.i. stu^ lagedal, bad manal, kraka'h akfaistaL
about, ad. chaper, chaperah ; pr. (relating to) da-parah,
(time and place) najzdej, (quantity) pah andaz, pah
hisab.
abreast, ad. tsang-pah-tsang.
abroad, ad. pah pradi mulk k'^ejr.
absence, n. ghair haziri ; (separation) bejal-tun, hijran.
absent, a. gh&ir hazir, na-shtah, (separated) bejal, (in
mind) dub pah fikr k'iShey.
abstain, y.t. parhez ka., pal ka., dzan satal, las a^stal.
abstemious, a. parhez-gar.
abstract, y.t. k'^hal, kajzal, beyalawul.
abundance, n. der-walaey, %al'Wa\suej, wadam.
abundant, a. der, f rewan, tal.
abuse, n. sh'kandzal, kanzal, pe gl^ or ; y.t. peghor war-ka-
wul, ^h'kandzal, or kanzal ka.
accept, y.t. manal, pasandawul, a^istal, ^wa^hawul.
acceptable, a. ghwarahy khwa^h ; to be acceptable, y.i. pas-
andedal, ghwarah ke., ^washedal.
accident, n. hadisa'h, afat, waki'a'h.
accidental, a. kaza-i, kismati.
accidentally, ad. pah sahwa'h, pah kaza.
a4icommx>date, y.t. dza'eawul, ateamaJ.
accommodation, n. dza'e.
accompany, y.i. mal-gari ke.
accomplice, n. mal-garaej, shaiik.
accord, n. ro^a'b, joyiiSht, pa^ula-tob ; of one^s own, ad.
pah ^pulah, pah ^pul sar, lah ^pulali anda ; of one,
yow-z*rah, yek-jihat ; according to, pah-sarah ; (custom)
pah djastur sarah; a/icordingly, ad. dzakah, lah day
jihata, tro.
account, n. hisab, shumar, (relation) ki^^a'h, bayan ; y.t.
gamal, pohedal, shmeral.
accoutre, y.t. aghustal, m'la ta^al, drasta'h or wasla'h i
aghustal. |
Digitized by Google "j
accoV'tremeTiU — alike, 179
accoutrementa, n. drasta'h, wasla'h.
accumulatef v.i. toledal ; v.t. tolawul.
{tccurate, a. rishti-a, juidit.
aectisationf n. tor, tuhmat, da'wa'h; T.t. tuhmat taral or
wayal, tor pori ka.
accvser, n. mudda'i.
achsy n. ^u^, randz, dard ; y.i. randzuredal, kbujzedal ;
v.t. dard kawul.
acquaint, v.t. poliawul, ^abarawul, ^abar ka.
a^tuiintance, n. ashna-e, pejzandah, pejzandana'h.
acquaintanceship, n. pejzan-galwi.
acquire, v.t. gafaX mundal, j^a^ilawul.
across, ad. pori, pori ^arey.
oc^, n. (action) kawuna'h, k'|*ah, kar, 'ami; v.t. kawul
k'ral, 'amal ka.
active, a. takrah, chalak.
actively, ad. pah chalaki sarah.
activity, n. chalald.
actor, n. kawunkaey, k'yunkaey.
acute, a. terah, saWbt ; ho^hyar, pohand.
admonish, v.t. na§ihat ka. ; to accept admonition^ na^ihat
a^istal.
advance, n. w'yandi ; v.i. Vyandi ke.
advantage, see profit,
adversity, n. tangi, tangsa'li.
advice, n. pand ; to advise, v.t. pand wa-yal.
afar^ ad. liri.
afraid, v.i. tarhedal, weredal.
after, ad. and pr. pas, w'rusto.
again, ad. bi-a, bi-yartah.
a^e, n. 'umr.
agreement, n. itta-f ak ; to agree, v.t. manal, kabulawul.
aid, n. hapa'h, komak, madad, marasta'h ; to aid, v.t. hap-
a'h ka., marasta'h ka., madad war-kawul.
ailment, see sickness,
alarm, n. wera'h; ta alarm, v.t. werawul.
alight, to, v.i. kuzedal.
aZiJce, see similar.
Digitized by VjOC 1 O )K
180 alive — a^rt,
alive, a. jzwandaej.
aUf a. toC^^T^*
aMoty see distribute.
dimsy n. ^air, ^airat ; to give alms, y.t. ^airat ka. ; to
beg alms, y.t. ^air ghoshtal.
alone, a. yawadzaey.
along with, ad. sarah, lah sarah, pah sarah.
also, CO. hum.
alter, see change,
although, CO. agar-chih.
always, ad. tal, har-kalah.
amass, to, y.t. tolawul, jama' kawul ; amass wealth, to, y.t.
daulat tolawTil.
avnbuscade, or awbush, n. psunaey, pat-gana'i; to lie in
ambush, y.t. pah psuni k'^hey K'l^he-mbstal, put-gana'i
ka.
ancestor, n. jadd, plar-nikseh.
ancient, see old.
ankHe, n. paykaey, ^atgaraey, gita'i.
anger, n. b'ros-walaey, ^afagi, kahr.
angry, a. ^afah, b'ros, ghusi^'h-nak; to become angry, y.t.
kanr ka., b'lrosedal, y.i. ^afah ke. ; to make angry, y.t.
b'yosawul.
nimal, n. dzan-dar, dzanawar.
<Nwoy, to, y.t. parawul, rab-i^wul.
ans^nt, to, y.t. ghwarawul.
answer, n. dzawab ; to answer, y.t. dzawab ka., dzawab war-
kawul.
ant, n. mejzaey ; white ant, aoey-nah.
antagonist, see enemy,
antelope, n. aosaey, chikara'h, hosaey.
antimony (for the eyes), n. ranjah.
antler, n. i^h'kar.
anvil, n. san^an.
anadety, n. andei^hna'h, gham, fikr, andoh.
anxious, a. andei^h-man, gham-jaiiy fikr-maii.
any, a. tsok, tsah.
apart, a. beyal, juda, yawadzaey.
Digitized by Google
a^Mrtjnent — armpit, 181
apartment, n.^^una'li, dza-e.
apparely n. ag^ustan, zaruki, n'waraey.
apparenty a. teargand, i^h'karali.
appear, T.i. tsargandedal, i^h'karah ke., m'alumedal.
appearance, n. teihra'h, ^urat, shakl.
appease, y.t. sarawal, papula ka.
appetite, n. wulga'h, Twajza'h.
applattd, see canvmend.
apploMse, see praise.
apple, n. mama'h.
applicable, a. munasib, jor.
application, n. ko^hi^h, mihnat, sawal, 'arz.
apply, y.t. lagawul, pori taral, pori ka., sawal ka., 'arz ka. ;
T.i. barabaredal, jo^edal, kigedal.
appoint, y.t. k'l^he-nawal, wadrawul, gamaral, mukarrar
\&., (a time) wa'da'h ka.
apprehend, see seize,
apprehension, aeefear.
apprize, y.t. ^abarawul, agah ka.
approach, y.i. najzdej ke.
approbation, or approval, n. pasand, pirzo, raza, ^wa^hi ;
to approve, y.t. pasand ka., ^waiSbawul, ^haghal, manal.
apt, a. munasib, la'ik.
arable, a. shud-jar, da karalo.
arbitrate, y.t. gwa^bal.
arbitration, n. gwa^b.
arbitrator, n. gwa^h-grandaej.
ardour, n. tod-walaey, todu^a'b.
arduous, a. sa^t, gran, drund.
argument, n. dalil, bahs, hujjat.
arid, see dry.
arise, y.i. patsedal, kbatal, wudredal, walaredal.
arm, n. (lit. band, but also signifying the whole arm), las,
(from wrist to elbow) letsa'h, sangal, (aboye the elbow)
gardaey letsaey, tor-g^^ aey.
armed, a. m'la taralaey, wasla'h-dar ; to arm, m'la ta^ral,
darasta'h aghostal.
armpit, n. t'kbarg, arKb, tra^.
Digitized by Google
182 arms — at
arms, n. drasta'h, waala'h, tura'h-dal (liU sword ftad
shield).
a/rmy, n. fauj, la^hkar.
around, ad. chaper, cha-perah, char-cha-perah.
arouse, v.t. patsawul, wiiSliawul, baidarawid.
arrange, v.t. jorawul, tandal, kfaejzdal.
arrangement, n. zemia'li, joriiSht, tartib.
arrival, n. ratag, ratah, ra-t'lana'h, rasedana'h.
arrive, v.i. ra-ghlal, ra-t*lal, rasedal.
arrogance, ^ee pride,
arrow, n. ghashacy.
a/rtful, a. chal-baz, bilah-baz.
artizan, n. karigar, peshah-war.
artillery, n. top-^ana'b.
as, CO. hasej, lakah ; aa if, lakab chihy garnah.
ascend, y.i. hiatal, portab ke.
ascent, n. khatah, ^atana'h, Twara^h.
ashamed, a. pa^himan, sharm-sar; y.i. pa^biman ke.,
sbarmedal.
ask, v.t. pu^htedal, gbo^htal.
asleejp, a. u-dab, ^ub-waraej ; to fall asleep, y.i. u-dab ke.
ass, n. Uar, (wild) gorab-^ar, g^'yara'b.
assault, n. bala'b, tsot ; to assault, y.t. bala'b ka., tsot ka«
assay, y.t. azmajil.
assemblage, or assembly, n. tolaey, jam'iyat, (for debate or
counsel), jirga'b, majlis.
assemble, y.i. toledal, jam'a'b ke.
assent, to, y.t. manal, manzur ka.
assessment, n. baj, ^iraj, maliya'b, kalang, i^b'kewaf.
assist (see aid), y.t. las niwal, las war-kawal, marasta'b ka.,
pui^bti ka.
assistance, n. marasta'b, pui^bti, madad, kumak.
associate, n. mal, mal-garaej.
association, n. mal-giri, mal-gar-ti'a.
astonish, y.t. rabrawul, hairana?nil ; to become astonished^
y.i. rabfedal, hairanedal.
astonishment, n. bairat, ^airani, ta'jjub.
at, pr. pab, pab k'l^bej ; ex. pab kor k'l^bey, at borne.
Digitized by Google
attcteh — backwards. 183
atixuihy y.t. ta]*al, pori ka., paiwastah ka.
attachment, n. tapin, paiwastun ; ma-jan-tob, mma'h.
attach, see assault.
attain, y.t. mundal, gatal, rasedal, 4h'wal.
aUempt, see essay.
attend, y.t. timar ka., arwedal, ghwajz basal, n'^^watal,
^azir aosedal, mal-giri ka.
aMendant, n. mal-garaej ; naukar, ^idmat-gar.
attentive, a. ho^hyar, baidar, kbabar-dar.
attire, n., see garment,
aunt, n. tror (father's brother's wife) tandor, (mother's
brother's wife) mama'i.
autumn, n. manaej.
avarice, n. shumi, tam'a'h, ba^ili.
aversion, n. kraka'h, kajzana'h, ghandana'h.
avoid, y.t. dzan satal, parhez ka.
await, y.i. patedal, muntazir aosedal. See expect
awake, a. wish; to awake, y.i. wishedal; to awaken, y.t.
wii^hawul, baidarawul.
aware, a. z'dah, agah, ^abar.
away, ad. liri, bi-jartah ; in. liri shah ! bi-jartah-shah !
OAJoe, n. wera'h, kbof .
awful, a. werawunkaey, werawunaey.
awkward, a. I'war.
axe, n. tabar.
ajxle, n. tirak, tsa-^aej, lat.
aaure, a. shin.
B.
hack, n. sha ; ad. bi-jartah, or bi-artah, w'rusto, pastanah ;
to go or turn hack, y.i. w'rusto, or bi- jartah, or pastanah
ke., stunedal ; (aid) y.t. pushti ka., or war-kawul.
hackbiter, n. chugnul; to backbite, y.t. chughuli ka.
backbone, n. m'la tir.
backside, n. kunafaej, kuna'h.
backwards, ad. pah bi-jartah, w'rusto.
d by Google
184 had — hcmn.
bad, su na-karah, ^rab, bad.
badge, n. nai^ha^h.
badness, n. Tdirabi, bad!, na-kari.
ba>g, n. dzola'i, katsoira'bL, (large, of hair) ghundaej, (ammu-
nition) kamr-kisa'h, kisbat.
baggage, n. asbab, saman, partaL
bail, n. zamanat, zamini, (person) zamin.
bait, see food,
bake, v.t. karawul, pa^awul (lit. to cook), Vritawul.
baher, n. nan-paz, nan-wa-e.
bald, n. kal, (from disease) ganjaej.
ball, n. gola'i.
band, n. tolaey, tolgaey, park.
bandage, n. tarunaey, pata'i.
banish, y.t. sbairal, jila-watan ka.
bank, n. i^ara'li, (high) kamar, (opposite) pori ghara'h.
banker, n. ^arraf .
banner, n. tu|^, bairak, na^ha'h.^
bar, n. hul, tanba'h, (upright) aram; v.t. ta^ba'h, or, hul
or aram lagawul.
barber, n. hajjam, na'i.
bare, a. barban^, luts, (as a country of trees, etc.) wuch,
wijar.
bare-footed, a. piShey-yabal.
bare-headed, a. sar-tor.
bark, n. ghap, ghapa ; y.t. ghap wahal, ghapal ; T.i. ghap-
edal.
barley, n. aor-bushey, (a grain of) aor-busha'h.
barley-bread, aor-bashina*h.
barm, see yeast,
bam, n. ambar-kbana'h, firman.
barrel (tube), n. nal, nali.
barren, a. shanda'h, (piece of land) dag, u-jar (lit, waste,
deserted).
barrier, n. pulah, bund (vul, brid), hadd.
base, see vile,
basin, n. (wooden) kun^a'i, kuma'i, (earthen) kan^ol,
kan^ola'i.
Digitized by Google
haaket — believer. 185
haeJcet, n. tokra'i, (flat) sh'koraey, (smaller) sh'kora'i.
bastard, n. haram-zadah, ^ata-zowulaej.
bath (vapour), n. hammam, (cold) ghusl.
baation, n. burj, damdama'h.
bathcy v.i. lanbedal ; v.t. (wash or clean) lanbal, lanbawul,
ghvLsl ka.
battalion, see regiment
batter, v.t. takawul, narawul, wahal.
battery, n. murcha'h.
battle, n. jang, (array) tsira'h, ^aff-tarun or tarana'h.
battlement, n. kangura'li.
bayonet, n. si^cha'li, sangin.
be, v.i. aosedal, kedal.
bea/m, n. bainsh, patera'h, labaraey.
bear (animal), n. jajz, mllu ; v.i. sabedal, sabal, z'g^amal ;
brin^ forth, v.t. w'ral, ra-w'ral.
beard, n. jzira'h, (a grey-beard) spin-jziraey.
beast, n. dzanawar, haiwan.
beat, v.t. takawul, kutal, wabal ; defeat, v.t. bar ka., baraey
ka., or gatal or mundal.
beating, a, n. takawuna'h, kutana'h, wahana'b.
beautiful, a. i^h'kulaey, ^ha-istah, pa'i-ma^aey.
beauty, n. sha'ist, i^ba'ist-walaey, pa'i-ma^aey-tob.
because, co. dzakah, Jab dey nab, lab dey jabata, da dey da
parab.
become, v.i. sb'wal, kedal, aosedal, (suit) perzo or munasib
ke.
bed, n. bey-cbama'b, (stead) palang, manj, kat.
befall, see happen,
beg, v.t. Uair gboi^btal. gbo^htaly gada'i ka., (entreat, etc.)
sawal ka.
beggar, n. gada or gada-e, darwez-gar, kangal, fakir, muflis.
beggary, n. gada'i, khwari, muflisi, fakiri.
begin, v.i. sburu' ka., aghaz ka.
beginning, n. sar, sbaru', ibtida. See also origin,
belief, n. bawar, i'tibar, iman, din ; v.t. bawar ka., iman
ra- w'ral, etc.
believer, n. iman-dar, mumin.
Digitized by Google
186 heUows — bleed.
hellow8f n. bana'i, pugar.
hdlyf n. ge^a'h, ^eta'h, nas.
belong, v.t. ta'luk laral ; Y.i. lagedal.
belt, n. tasma'h, rog, (waist) kamar band, kamr kisa'h,
(sword) pata'h.
bend, v.i. tUe<ial> kajzedal; v.t. titawul, kajzawul.
benefit, n. sud, falda'h, nafa', gata'h, ^he-gara'h.
bent, a. %iX, kojz.
besides, ad. nur, siwa, zi-at.
bet, see wager,
best, a. tar tolo ghwara'hy de^ dep ^hssh, lah tolo nah ^li»h.
better, a. ghwara'h, bihtar.
bewail, v.t. wir ka., wa-waila ka.
beware, v.i. pohedal, ho^hjar ke., baidar ih'wal.
bier, n. tabut, da m'^i taUita'li.
big, a. lo-e, gbat, star, katseh.
bigness, see size,
bill (of a bird), n. ma^huka'h.
bind, v.t. tayal.
bird, n. murgha'h. (small) murgha'i.
birth, n. zejzedana'h, zowuna'h, (place) tun; to give birth,
v.i. langedal.
bit, n. tota'h, totaej, t^k> t^kra'h, ^atgoza'h, (of a horse)
m'luna'h, dalianiEi'h.
bite, v.t. chichal, dah^ral, khwaral.
bitter, a. tri^.
black, a. tor, (very) tak tor ; become or turn black, v.i. tor-
edal.
blacken, v.t. torawul.
blackness, n. tor-walaey.
blacksmith, n. psesh, ahangar.
blade, n. te^, pallab'h.
blame, n. malamat, gram.walaej, tak^ir ; v.t. tratal, ratal,
* malamatawul.
blanket, n. shara'i, (felt) krasta'h.
blaze, n. lamba'h, gl^aran^a'h, lu^bara'h ; v.i. baledal.
bleed, v.i. winedal, winey bahedal ; v.t. winey k'iShal, wina-
wol.
Digitized by Google
hlesi^-hoUonOess, 187
hlesSy T.t. du'a ka.
hlindf n. ruii4>
hlindneea, n. run^-walaej.
hlood, n. winey.
bloodshed, ^un.
blow, n. guzar, (of fist) 4^h, suk, gasa'h ; v.t. (a fire)
pukal, (as wind) alwatal, (as a flower) t^kedal, (out)
mar ka., sop ka., (a bugle, &c.) ghajzawul.
blue, a. shin, nil, asmani, abi.
blunt, a. pate.
blurUnese, n. pats-walaej.
boa/rd, n. ta^ta'h, tanba'h.
boast, v.t. lafey ka., lafey wabal.
boaster, a, n. lafuk, laf-jan, lafej-wahunkaej.
boat, n. beya'i, kishta'i.
boatman, n. man-gaej, mallah.
body, n. dzan, ffurat, tan, (of people) tolaey, tolgaey, j^ol.
bog, see quagmire,
boil, n. nanaka'i, dana'h ; to boil, v.i. aei^hedal, ^uf ke. ;
v.t. aeshawul.
boiling, n. aei^bna, khiitkaey, khiita-liar.
bold, a. [(man) mapanaey, tur-yalaey, z*yah-war, gusta^,
witak.
boldness, n. z'pah-war tob, mapana'li, dilawari.
bone, n. had* hadukaey.
bony, a. ba^awar.
book, n. Mtkb.
boot, n. mozah, cbakma'h.
(oo^, n. gafa'b, tala'b, luf.
border, n. tiadd, burid, piila'h, ^apa'li, tsanda'b.
bore, v.t. suyaey ka., petsal.
bom,a,. zejzedalaey, zowulaey ; v.i. zejzedal, zowul,paida ke.
borrow, v.t. por al^istal, paii por a^istal, pah 'ariyat
a^istal.
bosom, n. ghejz^ t^'t^) sina'h.
both, a. dwapah.
bottom, n. talaey, mun^, we^h, pa-yab.
bottomless, a. bey-pa'e-an, na-pa-yab.
Digitized by Google
188 hough — broad.
hough, u. tsanga'h, ^ha^, (small) lai^hta'h.
houndary, see horder,
hoivelsy n. kul-mej, la^naianah.
howl, n. (earthen) kandol, kan^olaej, (wooden) kasa'h,
kuma'i.
hox, n. sanduV) dablaej.
hoy, n. lialak, wop-kaej, dzamaej, dzamkaej.
hoyhood, n. halak-walaej.
brain, n. niaghza*h.
bramble, see thorn,
branch, see hough,
brass, n. zi-jar.
brave, see hold,
bray, v.i. nairal, hamedal (also to neigh).
bread, n. do^a'i, n'ma^a'!, j^amira'h.
breadth, n. plan-walaey, psor.
&reaA;, v.i. matedal ; v.t. matawul.
breakfast, n. naraey, niharaey.
breast, see bosom,
breastwork, n. sangar, fafil.
breath, n. sah, dam.
breathe, v.t. sah or dam a^stal or ra-k'i^hal or wahal, or
kawnl.
breed, n. nafil, a^l, zat.
bribe, n. ba4a>'h.
brick, n. (unbumt) ^i^hta'h, (burnt) paja'h.
bride, n. nawey.
bridegroom, n. zaimaey (afeo a youth).
bridge, n. pul, (of nose) tindoraey ; to bridge, v.t. pul taraL
bricUe, n. m'luna'h, wagah, jalaw, (of a camel) pezwan.
bright, a. rum, ro^han, spin.
brightness, n. rama,roshna'i, bre^hna ; to brighten (become
bright), v.i. rumedal, dzaledal ; v.t. rurnawul, dzalawul*
brim, or brink, n. morga'h, ^ara'h, tsan^a'h, lor.
bring, v.t. (inanimate things) ra-w'^al, (animate) ra-wustal.
bring forth, v.i. langedal.
broad, a. plan, arat, sarah-war ; to make broad, v.t. plan*
awul.
Digitized by Google
hrohen — by, 189
hrohen, a. mat, (to bits) inat-gti4, char-chor, chor-machor.
hrooniy n. jam, ribuz, (in-law) ao-i^baey.
brother, n. w'ror.
brotherhood, n. w'ror-walaey w'ror-galwi, Vrori.
browee, see graze.
brute, n. haiwan, dzanawar.
bucket, n. boka'h, tagharaej, solagha'h, ga4bal.
bud, n. ghuta'i.
bungle, n. turaey.
bugler, turi-mar.
build, v.t. joyawul.
building, n. mama'i, kor, 'imarat.
buU, or bullock, n. ghwayaey^ ghwayaey. (buffalo) sandah.
buUet, n. gola'i, mardak.
bundle, n. ge^aey, pan^a'h, pandukaey, (of hay, &c.) beda'h,
tunbaey.
burden, see load,
burial n. ^asbawuna'h, i^sbedana'h, (ground) goristan,
kabristan.
burn, y.i. swal, baledal ; v.t. swadzawul, balawul, sedzaJ.
burst, Y.i. cbawdal, b'jzah ke., tsiredaJ, shledal, (out) mat-
edal, (into) v.t. 4^sa'h ka.
Jmry, v.t. kfaa^hawul.
hieh, n. butaey, dakaey.
business, n. kar, peshah, shewa'h.
bv^y, a. masbghul, lagi'a.
butcher, n. kas^ab.
butt, n. na^ha'h, mu^La'h.
butter, n. kuch, (clarified, also grease, tallow, &c.) ghwayi.
butter-milk, n. sblom, shlombey, shlomley, (sour) tarwey.
buUon, n. ghu^a^i. (loop) pulwai^'h, gharasha^h.
buttress, n. pushti, aram.
buy, Y.t. pirodal, piral, pah bai'a'h a^istal.
by, p. by, with, <&c. (by all means), pah har shan sarah.
d by Google
mib^ > bftaey, (of the
Digitized by Google
chair — cistern, 191
chair, n. kursi, chauki.
chamber^ u. khuna'h.
champion, n. pahaJawan, tur-yalaej.
chance, n. puk, daw, war, (fate) kismat, na9ib; v.i. pre-
watal, nazedal.
change, v.i. badaledal, gserzedal ; v.t. badalawul, gserzawul,
awu^htal.
changeable, a. na-pa'e-dar, na-karar, nima'h-^wa.
channel, n. lar, laihtaey, Miwar, rud-^ana'h.
character, n. bashanj, namus, num, (lit disposition) ^lo-e.
charcoal, n. skor (pi. form, skarah), (live) skarwata'h.
charm, v.t. dam ka., huda'h ka.
chase, n. ^h'kar ; to follow the chase, v.t. ^h'kar ka.
chasm, n. doghal daj-ghoL gor-handa'h, jzawara'h, cbawd.
cheap, a. arzan.
cheat, n. cbal-baz, dar^^al, makar ; v.t. cbal-bazi ka., dar-
ghali ka., fareb ka., drobawul.
cheek, n. anangaej, barkho, rukhsar.
chest, n, tatar, (cavity) gargas, gogal.
chew, v.t. jzo-yal, jzowul, che-chal, krapawul, (the cud)
sbkhwand wabal.
chicken, n. chirguraey.
chief, a. masbar, w'runbaey, awwal; n. J^an, sardar,
malik, ra'is, bakim, arbab.
chief ship, or chieftainship, n. kfaani, sardari.
child, n. wor-kaey, w'yukaey, farzand, tankaey, balak
(females take fem. form). See Grammar, page 77,
childbirth, n. langa'b lang-walaey.
childhood, n. halak-walaey, w'ruk-walaey.
chin, n. zana'h, zana^.
choice, n. (power to cboose) wak, i^tiyar, ^wa^hi, raza ;
a. ghwarah. libseh, kha^i^.
choke, v.i. khapa'b ke". ; v.t. ^apa'b ka., mara'i khapa'h ka.
choose, v.t. ^wai^hawul, arnawul, sha^^al, gbwarab ka.
cinder, n. skor, (live) skarwat?a'b, ttug-lan.
circuit, n. daur, dauran, gai^bt, 'ar^a'h.
circular, a. ghund.
cistern, n. hawz, dand, nawar.
Digitized by Google
192 citadel — confess,
citadel, n. arg, kala', bala-tti^ar.
cityt n. i^hahr, miffr.
claim, n. da'wa'h ; v.t. da'wa'h ka.
clan, n. khel, cham, ulus.
claw, n. nuk, mangul, panja'h.
clean, a. pak, spin, sk£, pakizah ; v.t. pak ka., <&c.
clear, a. pak, fiaf , rum, (apparent) tgargand, autear, (free)
^ala?, yalah ; v.t. spe^al, pak or ffaf ka., spinawul ;
jalah or Uiala? ka.
clea/rness, n. pak-walaej, &c. ; tsargand-walaey.
cliff, n. kamar, tsaka'h, la^h.
climate, n. ab-o-hawa, hiwad.
climb, v.i. Uatal.
chak, n. cho|^a*h , baraka'h, barana'i, (blanket) shaira'iy
(felt) kosaey, (fur or wool) postin.
close, Y.t. bandawul, jorawul, (as a door) pori ka.
cloth, n. (linen) khamta'hy sho-e, karbas, (woollen) banat.
clothes, or clothing, n. n'mari, za^uki, a|^ostan.
cloud, n. war-yadz.
clouds, war-yad^i.
coarse, a. gh&\, I'wap, pep.
coat, n. andraka'h, Ivada'i, kaba.
cock, n. chirg, (crow) cbirg-bang, (of a gun) pa-e, kajak.
cold, a. sor, yakk ; n. sapah, ya^ni, (a cold) zukam, dum-
aey.
collect, v.t. tolawul, jam'a'h ka.
colour, n. rang, laun ; v.t. rangawul.
colours, n. toghy janda'h, bairak.
come, v.i. ra-t'lal, ra-gh'lal.
command, n. hukm, farman ; v.t. tiukm war-ka., farmayil.
companion, or comrade, n. mal-garaey, mal.
company, n. tolaey, papk, ghol.
complaint, n. gila, faryad.
complain, v.t. faryad ka.
complete, or conclude, v.t. tamamawid, pura'h ka.
conceal, v.t. putawul, poi^hal.
concealment, n. puf-walaey.
confess, v.t. ^blawul, or kabulawul, U^wala'h wa-yal, manal.
Digitized by Google
conquer — crime. 193
conquer, v.t. baraej ka., landi ka., matawul.
consider, v.t. ande^hna'h ka., fikr ka., gamal.
content, n. mor-ii'a, pa^ula-tob.
contented, a. mop, razi, (pacified) papula.
convey, v.t. (animate things) botlal, ra-wustal, (inanimate)
Vral.
convoy, n. badraka'h, badragha*b.
cook, n. bawarchi ; v.t. pa^awnl.
cool, v.t. soyawul, yaj^awul.
coolness, n. sapa'h, soy-walaey.
com, n. gbala'h, dana'h, (green) ^wid, Uptsil.
corpse, n. m'yaey, lash, murdah.
cotton, n. ma-luch, (plant) kalaka'h.
cov^h, n. fukba^J ; v.i. tu^edal ; v.t. tu^ wahal.
council, n. majlis, jirga'h, (a member of) jirgatu.
counsel, n. pand, na^ihat ; v.t. pand war-ka., <&c.
count, v.t. shmeral, gamal.
countenance, n. ma^, (favour, <&c.) marasta'h.
country, n. mulk, watan, (native) tun.
cotiple, n. juft, dwah, joya'h.
courage, n. marana'h, z'yah-war-tob, bimmat.
courageous, a. maranaej, z'rah-war, dilawar.
courier, n. kaffid, chapar, astad^, (lit. messenger).
court, n. dajrbar, daJbar, (civil) 'adalat.
cover, n. sar-poih, kara'h, (dish) bargholaey.
cover, v.t. pufawul, poi^hal.
covet, v.t. tama' ka., hir? ka.
covetous, a. tama'-jan, liwal.
cow, n. ghwa, (milch) pa'i-wara'h ghwa.
coward, n. na-mard, tu-zan.
cowardice, n. na-mardi, tu-zan-walaey.
craclc, n. chawd, daya'h, (sound) ^z, tas, ^rach; v.i.
chawdaJ ; v.t. 4az wahal.
crodiked, a. chawd.
crafty, a. chal-baz.
create, v.t. jo|rawul, paida ka.
creator, n. ^alik.
crime, n. gunah, tal^L^ir, ^ata.
Digitized by G00glj3
194 crooked — deadly.
crooked, a. kojz, tit, Iqring.
crojpy n. fa^l.
cro88y v.i. pori watal, pori t'lal; v.t. terawul.
cro88, a. sut-but, marawar, ]^apah.
crorvd, b. dala'h, (ol, tolaey.
cry, n. jzara, narah, (weep) v.i. jza^, (out) naral, narey
walial or ka.
cultivate, v.t. yow-ya'h or yawey ka., abadawul, wadan-
awul.
cunning, a. chal-baz, fareb-jan.
cup, n. kandol, kan^olaey, (china) kasa'h, piala'h, (metal)
jam.
cure, n. rai^awiina'h, joy-walaey, 'ilaj ; v.t. raghawuL
jorawuL
curtain, n. parda'h, hijjab.
cur8e, n. la'nat, ^hera'h ; v.t. la'nat wa-yal or ka., i^hera'li
ka.
custom, n. dastur, rasm, dod, lar, (tax) maliya, baj.
custody, n. jzghorana'h, satana'h, hawala'h, ^lundi-walaey.
cut, n. teira'h, (of a sword) guzar, (water, canal) wala'h,
(small) la^htaey ; a. tsimlaey, jzobal, ghwuts ; v.t. tsiral,
pre-kawul, pre-k'yal, (wound) jzoblawul, ghwatsawuL
(with a^ sword) guzar ka. See wound.
D.
damage, n. trot, tawan, nuk^an.
damp, a. lund, nam-nak, z'yam-nak.
danger, n. wera'h, ^atra'h.
dark, a. tor.
darkness, n. t'yara'h, tor-tam, tor-gamaey.
date, n. tari^, (tree) ^urma, ^lajur.
daughter, n. lur, (in-law) n'jzor.
day, n. wrad^ or rwadz, (light) rama wradz, (dawn) chirg-
bang, sapedey or sapedey dagh.
dead, a. mar, (as a tree) m'^am.
deadly, a. katil.
d by Google
deaf, a. kum.'
ieafnes8, n. kunft-walaey.
dear, a. gran, 'aziz.
^dearth, n. ka^ti, taogsa'h, tangsi'a, grani.
cjea^ n. marg, ajaL
debt, n. por, kar?.
debtor, u. porawuyaey, Va^^'z-dar.
deceit, n. droh, chal, fareb.
deceitful (person), a. drohunkaey, chal-baz, foreb-jan.
deceive, v.t. ghnlkwul.
decrease, n. lajz-walaey ; v.i. lajzedal, kamedal ; v.t. lajg-
awul, kamawul.
deep, a. jzawar, star, (acute) hoiihyar.
defeat, a. mat, mat-ya'h, p^|r ; y.t. matawul, mat ka., paar
ka.
defect, n. trot, wata'b, (deformity) 'aib.
defection, XL. jarwatah, (sedition) yaghi^gari.
defend, v.t. satal, jzghoral, gal-al.
defle, iL tangaey, ku^ht, dara'h.
delay,^n, dirang, dzand, larghah ; v.t. dirang or dzand ka.
delicate, a. naraey, barik, nazuk, sh'kulaey.
delight, n. khwa^hi, sa^^'h, khush-tiali.
deliver, v.t. azadawul, yalali ka., (make over to) sparal,
hawala'h ka.
deliverance, n. ^alai^i, azadagi, azadi, yalah-walaey.
deny, v.i. munkiredal, v.t. inkar ka.
depart, v.i. t'lal, la^al, drumal, lejzdal.
departure, n. tah, t'lah, t'lana'h, lejzdana'h, wartag.
d^end, v.i. maokuf ke., d^w^andedal, v.t. ta'luk laral,
i'tibar ka.
dependence, n. bawar, umid, i'tibar, takia'h.
deplore, v.a. arman ka., afsos ka., tartab ka., toba'h i^h'kal.
d^th, n. jzawar-walaey or jzawar-tob.
descend, v.i. prewatal, kuzedal, naziledal.
descent, ». jzawaredana'b, jzawar-walaey, kuzedana'h, pre-
watah; peya'i, a?!.
desert, n. maira'h, da^ht, ^al^ra, chul ; a. wijaf, wairan ;
v.i (9ee aibandon) tark ka.) (run away) tai^htedal.
Digitized by VjOC|_ 3
196 deserter — discover,
deserter f a, n. taiShtedunkaej.
desire, n. gbo^ht, lian4a'h, liatsa'h ; hawa ; y.t. gl^oiSitaly
handa'h laral. ^
despise, y.t. kajzal, spuk gamal, ^^^aadal.
destroy, Y.t. waranawul, rangawul, ^arabawul, wija^awol.
detain, y.t. patawul, man'a'h ka., ^ifalawul.
devcistate, y.t. natal, wijarawul, pa'e-mal ka., taraj ka.,
lutal.
devotee, n. zaliid, darwesh.
devotion, n. 'ibadat, n'mundz.
dew, n. par^a'h.
die, y.i. m'yal, map ke.
different, a. hm\, beyal, juda, nur.
diffictdt, a. gran, sa^t, mushkiL
dig, y.t. kandal, kanodal.
digestion, n. hazm ; to digest, y.t. hazmawul.
diminish, y.L kamedal, landedal; y.t. kamawul, lan^awul.
dinner, n. ^warak.
dip, n. ghiipa'h. ghotxt'li ; y.t. dubawiil, ghota'h war-kawul,
ghiipa'h ^wapal, or wahal.
direction, n. lor, loraej, ma^, ^wa, pala'h, (order) ^ukm,
farman, (of a letter) sar-nama'h.
dirt, n. ^ira'h, Uiiraej, rash, na-paki.
dirty, a. ^ran, ^achan, palid, na-pak.
disaffected, a. yaghiy sar-ka^h, fasadi.
discharge, n. Xk\, trak, t^, ^, shilak, pre-jastana'h,
ru^ffat, bar-tarafi.
discha/rge, y.t. basal, pre-basal, pre-jastal, ghurzawiQy
wishtal, tak ka., ^ala^awul, tasliawul, (dismiss) dzawab
war-kawul, bar-taraf ka., ru^^at ka., Uri ka.
discipline, n. a'in, ka'ida'h, tadib ; y.t. tadib ka.
disciplined, a. tadib kawulaej, amoU^tah.
disclose, y.t. tsargandawul, bartser ka.
discontented, a. na-raz, U^apah, na«kfawa^b.
discontinue^ y.t. pre-^odal, pre-^h'wal, tark ka. ; y.i. prejz-
dal.
discord, n. fasad or f asat, fitna'h.
discover, y.t. ma'lumawul, pejzandal; mundali bi-a-mnndal.
Digitized by Google
disease — dream, 197
disease, n. maraz, randz, na-ro^-ti'a, na-jori.
disgrace, n. bad-nami, ruswa'i, ma^-tori ; v.t. bey-nang
. is,,, ma^-tor ka., sharmawul, bej-'izzat ka.
dish, n. taba'i, ta g haraey^ (iron) tabaUbi.ej, (brass) rikabi.
dismiss, see discharge.
disperse, v.t. tar-pah-tar ka., ^warawril, W^wadzawul.
displease, v.t. marawiir ka., wezarawul, kapawul, randzawul.
displeasure, n. marawur-tob, wezari, na-razi, ^apa'h-gi,
disposition, n. U^o-e, khwa, tab'a'h; tariib, jo^-ti'a.
dispute, n. jagra'h, steza'h^ jang ; v.t. steza'h ka., <&c.
disrespect, n. bey-adabi, bey-turmaia.
distance, n. lar, dza'e, fark, (iome) muda'h.
distant, a. liri, prata'h.
distinguish, v.t. pejzandal ; z'dah ka., ma'lumawul, lidal.
distress, n. ^bwari, tangsa'h, tangsi'a, mirtsi, |^am ; v.t.
tangawul, zahirawul, rabpawul.
district, n. tapa'h, cham, torman.
distribute, v.t. weshal, bratta'h or baj^ra'h ka.
ditch, n. kbandak, ka-ba*i, kanda'h.
dive, n. ^ofa'h, ghupa*h ; v.t. i^ota'b ka.. Sue,
divide, v.t. pre-kawul, pre-k'ral, tsirey ka., yirawul, ghwutg-
awul ; weshal, wan^ ka., ^ismat ka.
do, v.t. kawul, k'yaJ, jorawiil.
doer, n. kawunkaey, karunkaey. jofawunkaey.
dog, n. spaey ; hitch, spa'i.
domestic, a. ael or il, koranaey; n. naukar, (economy) kor-
walaey, kor-mana'h.
door, n. war.
double, a. dwah-bghargahy dwah-braghahy dwah ta.
doubt, n. shakk, guman, shubha'h; v.t. shakk laralt
shubha'h ka.
dou^h, n. k^mira'h, ai^hali, (mass of) pe]*a'h, ghun^a'h.
doze, v.t. par-na w'ral ; v.i. nim-^Lwabi pre-watal.
drag or draw,Y,t. ra-kajzal, ra-i^h'kal, ra-k'^haJ, kashala'h ka.
draufers, n. paytug, shalwar.
dreadful, a. werawunkaey, sahm-nak.
dream, n. ^ub, (imagination) ^yal; v.t. U^ub lidal,
t^yalka.
Digitized by Google
198 dress — eati^,
dress, n. aghostana'h, zarukaey, n'mari^ kalaey; v.t.
ai^ostal, aghostawul, po^faal, (cook) paj^awul.
drinkf n. ts'^hak ; v.t. ts'kal, ts'i^hal.
dripy or dribble, or drop, v.i. teatsedal.
drizzle, n. puna'h, rangaey baran.
drive, v.t. (away) sliaral, ratal, liri ka., taihtawtd, (cattle)
bi-waJ, botlai, ramawul, (horse) zoral, (nail or peg), tak-
awul, mandal, wahaJ.
drop, v.i. (leak) tsatsedal, (descend), k&zedal, (slip) ^bwa-
yedal, (fall) pre-watal, (leave off) prejzdal, pre-^hodal.
drove, n. (sheep or goats) rama'h, gfaela^h. kandak, (oxen)
gohar, goram.
drover, n. gorwan, ghobah, gaharaey, (of sheep) shpikn, (of
buffaloes) gujar.
drown, v.t. dubawnl, ^arkawul, (lay under water) lahii ka.
drunk, a. mast, nasha'h-waraey.
dry, a. wuch, (as land) tajzaey, tosand ; v.i. wuchedal ;
v.t. wuchawul.
dryness, n. wuch-walaey.
dung, n. (horse) ^arshinah or Uarshimah, (camel, sheep
or goat) pachey, (of cows or buffaloes) ^ushayah,
(human) ^ul; v.t. |^ul ka., ^aral, hajat ka., (heap
of) deran, ^adzala'h.
dusJc, n. ma- sham, lara'h.
dust, n. durey, ^bawrey; v.t. tsandal, (to dredge or
sprinkle) diirawul.
dusty, a. duredalaey, khawrin.
duty, n. (military) pahra'h, tsoka'i, paswani, (tax) baj,
chungaey, hakk, (business) kar, (obligation) -farz.
dwarf, n. chunaey, mandaraey, Tweshtinak.
dwdl, v.i. aosedal, astedal, patedal, m'ledal ; v.t. astognli'h
ka., astoga'h ka., mishta'h ka.
E.
ear, n. ghwajz, (of com) wajzaey.
eo/rly, a. pah lo^e sa^ir or sahar, pah sa^ar, waki^ti, (crop)
mahina'h.
Digitized by Google
ea/m — enemy. 199
earn^ y.t. gafal, ha^il ka.
earth, n. ^awra'h, (land) z'maka'h, zaiiiiii,mulk, (the earth)
nara'i, dunya, jahan.
earthen, a. j^awrin.
ea«e, n. astogna'h, dama'h, aram, asiida'h-gi.
ea^ay, a. asan, spuk, sam, (circumstances) mor.
eat, v.t. HbwaraJ.
eatable, a. ^iwaraki.
edge, n. (of a sword, Ac.) ma^, dam, (brink) i^ai^'h,
tselma'h, tsarma'h, (rim) ja*!, lor; to set on edge (the
teeth), i^ash taghawul. (sharpen) tera'h ka.
educate, v.t. palal, (cause to read) Twalawul.
effect, n. pazah, kar, aaar; v.t. jorawul, kawid, k'^al.
^ecta, n. mal, saman, asbab, kali.
egg, n. haga'i, ha.
elbow, n. tsangal, tsangala'h.
elder, a. mashar ; n. mashar, spin-jziraej.
elephant, n. hati, pil.
elevation, n. khata'h, Twar-tob, Twar-ti'a, uchat-walaey,
hask-walaej.
elope, v.i. (run away) ta^htedal; v.t. (with a woman)
matiz ka., (as a woman) matiza'h ke.
embark, v.i. pah jahaz or pah bera'i ^atal or swaredal or
sparedal.
embrace, n. i^ejz, ghiizaey ; v.t. pah ghejz or pah ghuzi
k'l^hey niwal, ba^garandi ka., bara'h-gara'h ka., rogh-bay
ka.
employment, n. kar, roz-gar, ^idmat, mashghiila.
empty, a. tash, da^, l^aH ; v.t. tashawul, to-yawul.
encourage, v.t. tasalH or dam-dilasa war-kawul, kfaatir-
dari ka., takia'h ka.
end, n. pitska'h, pitskaey, sar, tsuka'h ; a^ir, ^atm,
hadd, ^elma'h ; v.t. a^ir ka., Uiatam ka., tamamawul,
etc.
endure, v.i. sahal, sahedal ; v.t. z'g^amal, petsal ; (to last)
v.i. pa'edal.
endurance, n. petgana'h, z'^am, ^abr, takat, zor.
enemy, n. dui^hman, mirtsaman, harif .
Digitized by V^OOgle
200 engage — execute.
engage^ v.t. maslighulawuly lagawul, pah kar n'l^halawuly
(fight, set to) jang n'^hatal, jang n'l^halawul ; v.i. jang-
edal.
enjoyment, n. maza'h, khwand, ^wa^hi, ^hadi.
efUa/rge, v.t. planawul, ujzdawul, lo-e-awul.
enmity, n. dushmani, mir-tsi, badi, taka'h.
enquiry, n. pu^htana'h, shanana'h, tafahhiis.
entcmgle, v.t. n'^halawul, tsapolaej ka. ; to become entangled^
v.i. n'^hatal, tsapolaey ke.
enter, v.i. nanawatal, k'ihe-watal, daUpledal.
entire, a. drast, (ol-t^U tamam.
entrails , n. larmanah, kul-mey.
entrance, n. nanawatah, war, ttula'h.
entreat, v.t. minnat ka., 'arz ka., ^o^htal.
entrenchment^ n. bara'h, sangar.
equal, a. barabar, sam, jo-shan, maj^aej.
erect, a. w'lar, jig, lak, ting ; v.t. w'layawul, ^e-jzdal, wud-
rawul.
esca^pe, n. ^ala^i, nijat, te^hta'h; v.t. tei^htedal, nijat
mundal, ter-watal, ^ala^idal, wur-hedal.
escort, n. badraka*h, badragha'h, (cavalry) swar-lani, swarli;
v.t. rasawul.
egtim^xte, v.t. shmeral, gamal.
evacuaie, v.i. jarwatal; v.t. tashawiil, ^ali ka., (stool)
ghul ka.
even, a. sam, hawar, barabar, (alike) giind, yow shan, twaL
evenneae, n. sam-walaey, hawar-ii'a, guudl.
evening, n. ma-^ham, begah, shuma'h.
evil, n. badi, bala, wabal, ^arabi, afat.
ewer, n. kuza'h, kiiza'h-ra'i.
examiine, v.t. goral, dzir katal; shanal, latawul; azmayil,
azma'iSht ka.
excellent, a. i^hseh, dep ^hseh.
exchange, v.t. badalawul.
excuse, n. bana'h (lit. bahana'h), hiral, 'u^, ^la'h ; v.t.
bana'h ka., hira'i ka.
execute (perform), v.t. kawul, k'ral, jo^wul, pah dza-e ka.,
(kill) wajzl, wajlal, kiitlawul, maqr ka.
Digitized by Google
exerlr—fall. 201
exefrtj v.t. ko^lii^h ka., zor ka. or wahal.
exhalation, n. byas, lajra'h, wajzm, wajzma'h.
exhavMed, a. staraey.
esdst, y.i. aosedal, kedal, sh'wal ; v.t. jzwandun ka.
existence, n. jzwand, jzwandun, jzwak.
expect, y.a. lar katal, umid laral, 'intizar ka., tawakku' ka.
expectation, n. intizari, tama', tawakku'.
expedient, a. ghwara'h, munasib, wajib, (contrivance) chal,
tadbir, cbara'li, band.
expedition, n. (military, campaign) safar, (inroad) tsot,
chapa-o, takht.
expel, v.t. sbaral, basal, ratal, jastal, l^afal, pori-jzani ka.,
liri ka.
expense, n. ^arts, kimat, bai'a'b.
explain, v.t. bajanawul, pohawul, ^howul, tsargandawul.
explode (go ofE), y.i. ^ala^edal, v.t. tak wabal ; (let off) tak
ka.
extent, n. plan-walaey, ujzd-walaey, andaza'b, kadr.
extinguish, v.t. ma^rawul, sajrawul.
eye, n. starga'b.
eye-hrow, n. Vrudza'li, Vruza'li.
eye-lash, n. bama'h.
eye-lid, n. dzedzma'b, dzejzma'b, cy^zma'K
F.
face, n. makh.
face to face, ma^a-ma^, Vrandi.
fagot, n. ge^aey.
faint, n. na-tuwan, za-if, bey-tab, bey-^ud; v.i. bey-boibe-
dal, bey-Uiud or bey-tab ke.
fair, a. spin, pa'i-ma^aey, ^ha-istah, k'^bulaey.
fair (a), n. mausim bazar.
faith, n. sab-wisa'h, kbal, bawar, iman, din,
faithful, a. rishtunaey, ri^btinaey, din-dar.
faithless, a. bey-wafa, bey-iman.
fall, v.i. pre-watal, Iwe-dal, drabal ; let fall, v.t. pre-yastal,
pre-basal, pre- jzdal ; fallen, a. prot, pre-wataey, etc.
Digitized by Google
202 faU—felt
fall, n. pre-watah, pre-watatia'h, drabawnna'li.
fallow J a. liyah, waz-gar, shar, tasb, wad.
false, a. darogh, darogh-jzan, batil.
falsehood, n. palma'h, darogh. fareb.
family, n. kor, korma'h, kada'h ; tabar, nasi, aulad.
famine, n. gram, kakfati, dukal.
famous, a. masbur, namer.
far, a. liri, bi-yartah.
farmer, n. zamin-dar, ijara'b-dar.
fast, a. grandaej, talwari, zser, balwak ; ^n^, klak, mazbut.
fast, n. rojza'h ; v.t. rojza'b laral or niwal.
fasten, v.t. taral ; klakawul, tingawul.
fat, a. tsorb, gbat, per, perar, tand, pund, kharat ; n.
(grease) wazda'h, wazga'h, spina'b, (melted) ghwariy mu.
fate, n. kismat, kaza, nasib, takdir.
father, n. plar, (grand) mkab.
fatherless, a. plar-maraey.
fatigued, a. staraey, stoman, baukab ; to become fatigued,
T.i. staraey ke., haukah ke. ; v.t. staraey or baukah ka.
fault, n. wabal, gunah, kusur, takdir.
faultless, a. bey-gnnah, bey-taksir.
favour, n. matt, matt-mulahiza'b, sat, sela'b, sel-
wa'h, mibrbangi ; v.t. sela'b or selwa'h ka., matt war-
kawul, mibrbangi ka.
fear, n. wera'h or yera'h, sabm, tara'h, tarbara'h, ande^b-
na'h, ttof ; v.i. weredal, yeredal, tarhedal, ande^hna'b
ka.
fearful, a. werediinkaey, (inspiring fear) werawiinkaey, tar-
bur, ttof-nak.
feeble, a. za-if , kam-zor, sust,
feed, v.i. tsaredal, tsaral ; v.t. khwaral, (nourish) palaJ,
satal ; v.t. tsarawul, tturawul, wa^hah achawul.
feel, v.i. sahedal, k'^hal, ttwaral, kajzal ; v.t. z'ghamal ;
shanal, latawul, lamsawul, (feel for) g^am-^ori ka.,
z'rab-s'waey ka.
feeling, n. z'yaJi-^waey, poh, rahm, tars.
fellowship, n. rog^a'h, jori^bt, mal-gar-ti'a.
felt (material made from wool), n. lamtsa'i, krasta'h.
Digitized by Google
fefvM&y &. ^adza'h, artina'h ; a. ^a^a'h.
ferry ^ n. gnzar, gudar, patarn.
fertUe, n. lap-tsat, ghala'h-khez.
fetchy see bring.
feud, n. badi, mirtsi.
fever, n. taba'h.
few, a. lajz, teo, patsarney, potuskaey, putaey.
fidelity, n. wafa-dari, iman-dari, namak-halali.
field, n. (allotment) wand, pataey, ki^ht.
fiery, see hot,
fight, n. jang, mukaddama'h ; v.t. jang n'^halawtil, jang-
edal, (a skirmish) janguraey.
fill, v.t. dakawul.
fim,d, v.t. mundal or mundal, bi-a-mundal, paida ka.
fine (a), n. tawan, nagha'h ; a. naraey, mabin, barik ; v.t.
tawan akhistal.
finger, n. guta'h (also a toe), (thumb and great toe) bata'h
or kata'h guta'h.
fir, n. liaihtar.
fire, n. aor, (wood) balarn, (place) n'l^araey, aor-|^alaey ;
v.t. (set on) sedzal, balawnl, aor pori ka., (discharge)
khalagawul, wishtal, wahal, achawul.
firm, a. klak, ting, pa'e-dar, mazbut.
first, a. awwaJ, awwulnaey, nmraey, w'rnnbaey, w'lnimbal-
aey.
fish, n. mahaey.
fist, n. suk, mut, miitaey.
fit, a. jor, barabar, pirzo, yarzan, baedah, dza-e lari, muna-
sib, wajib, lazim ; v.t. barabarawnl, palah-pori ka., jor-
awul, (as a dress) v.i. barabaredal.
fitness, n. jor-ti-a, jnrzo-walaey, li-akat.
fix, v.t. taral, lagawul, pori ka., w*larawul, wudrawul, n' jat-
al, ^a^hawul.
flame, n. lanba'h, shugjda'h, baranda'h, luj^ara'h; v.i.
swal.
flash (for powder), n. kisbat.
fiat, a. sam, sat, hawar, (flat, table-land) steza'h, bura'h,
(stale) bey-^wand, (pressed) tsap-lak, chit, chit-pit.
Digitized by Google
204 flatten— fraud,
flatten, y.t. samawul, liawar ka., j^p-lak ka., chit-pit ka.
flattery, n. chaplusi, ^irpali.
flsece, n. warg.
fl^h, n. ^waiha'h.
flighty n. ta^btedana'h, te^hta'h.
fling, v.t. achawul, wishtal.
fljoat, y.i. bahedal, lahu or lanbah ke.
flock, n. rama'li, kan4ak.
flK)g, v.t. wahal, karorey wahaL
flood, n. ni-uz, niz, sail-ab, (of tears) rat.
flK)ur, n. aora'h.
fl>ow, y.i. bahedal, rawanedal.
fly, Y.i. alwatal, wur-zedal.
fodder, n. tsar wa^hah, alaf, U^wid, shna'h.
foe, see enemy,
fog, n. larah, dand.
fold (sheep), n. shpol, (layer) bragh.
fold (up), v.t. n'gha^htal.
follow, v.i. palah-pasej ka. ; manal, laman niwal, pai-ram
ka.
food, n. ^wara'h, shuma'h, (J,it bread) n'mara'i.
fool, n. palwaii4, pohar, poharaey, na-dan.
foot, n. psha'h, (on foot) palaey, pah piha'h,
foray, n. tsot, botah, z'ghast, hapa'h, ilghar.
forbid, v.t. man'a'h ka.
force, n. was, bram, zor, tawan, kuwat ; jabr, zulm.
ford, v.t. pori t'lal or watal.
forenoon, n. peiSiin, tea^ht.
forest, n. bam, dzangal, beiha'h.
forget, v.t. herawul.
forgive, v.t. ba^^hal, pselawul, pulawul.
forgiveness, n. ba^^h, ba^lhana'h.
form, v.t. joyawiil,sazawiil, tandlal.
forsake, see abandon,
foundation, n. we^, bonsat, biinyad, afl.
fountain, n. cluna'h.
fowl, n. chirg, (hen) chirga'h.
fraud, n. chal, droh, gJila, fareb.
Digitized by Google
free — ^%ih^ 206
freey a. aelah, yalah, sarah, waz-gar, azad, U^ala?.
freBk, a. shin, zarghun. tazah, tai-jar, takfah.
friend^ n. dost, ashna'e, yar.
friendship^ n. dostii, aslma'i, pejzand-galwi or gali, yari.
fright, seefea/r.
frighten, T.t. werawul, tarhawul, darawul.
front, n. ma^, (m front) ma^a-ma^.
frost, n. kangal {lit. ice), yakh (lit. ice), (hoar) asa'i.
frozen, a. ya^-sliawaey, kangal-sliawaey.
fry, T.t. talawul, te-yai, Vritawul.
fvsl, n. balam, ^azala'h, war-^afa'li, largaey.
fiisee, n. falita'h, fatila'h.
full, a. taly 4^9 i^^r-
G.
gain, n. gafa'li, sad, naf'a'li, fa-ida'li ; T.t. gafal, mundal.
gale, n. ^la'i, tuf an, bad.
gallop, T.t. tezal, po-ya'h ka.
garb (garment), n. zarukaey, ag^ostana'h, aghustan/
n'waraey, libas, jama'li ; (fashion, mode), toga'h, shan,
rang.
garrison, n. da kil'ey or da hi^ar ^alk.
gather, T.t. tolawul, jam'a'h ka., (pluck) amawul, shiik-
awul.
gathering (of people), n. tol, tolaey, tolga'i.
genealogy, n. pe^a'!, posht, zu-zat, shajrah, nasab, nasal,
a^l.
generation, a, n. pusht, peya'i ; daur, zamana'h.
generosity, u. baldi^hana'h, sa^awat, sakhi-tob. ,
gentle, a. I^alim, a^il.
get, T.t. mundal, gafal, paida ka., (up) T.i. patsedal, por-
tah ke.
gift, see j^eserd,
girl, n. ]ina'i, jinaka'i, peghla*hy (betrothed) changala'h,
(slaTe) windia'h.
girth, n. tang, tatang, pata'i.
Digitized by Google
give — grme.
give, T.t. ra-kawul, dar-kawul, war-kawul (see Grammar,
p. 21), bakli^hal, ^handal, (eyidenoe or pay reapeota)
lal, lawdal.
giver, n. war-kawunkaey.
glad, a. kbwa^h, i^had, Idiush-hal.
glad-tidings, n. zeraej, (a bringer of) zerah-garaej.
gladness, n. khwa^hi^ ^hadi, l^ush-^^.
glare, n. ^gala'h, rama, (glow) bre^hna, waj^m.
glass, n. ^hi^ha'h, (mirror) a-ina'h.
glow, n. todukha'h, tod-walaey, swaey ; v.i. todedal, swaL
go, v.i. t'lal, drumal, drumedal> lajul, raw^edal; v.t.
kuch ka.
goat, n. wuz, psah, (slie) b'za'h, woza'h, (wild) mar-J^ur,
(hair) aojz-ghuney.
Ood, n. AUah, !Quda-e, Eabb; €hd knows^ E^uda-e
z'dah.
gold, n. sarah zar, zar, tila.
good, s,, ihsdh, i^haghalaeyy ghwarahy nek ; n. |he-ga]*a%
^he-garey, neki, sftd, fa'ida'h.
goodness, see preceding.
goods, n. asbab, mal, raUit, kali (plural of kalaey).
gorge, n. dara'h, tangaey, mara'i, ku^t.
govern, v.t. hukumat ka., bukm ka., 'ami ka.
government, n. l^akumat, 'ami dari, sardari, kbani, (state)
sarkar.
governor, n. hakim, sardar, 'amr-dar.
grain, n. dana'h, ^ala'h.
granary, n. anbar Miana'lL.
grant, v.t. ba^lhal, manal, kabulawnl.
grasp, v.t. pah mut or pah manguley niwal.
grass, n. wa^hah, 'alaf .
grave, n. gor, kabr, (clothes) kafan.
gravel, n. jzaghal, shiga'h, gitaey, (small) gxta'i.
gravelly, a. shiglanah, gitin.
gray, a. sperseh, ^ser (lit, mud-coloured), (hair) bragj^ (a
horse) shin.
graze, v.i. tsaredal, tsaral, (abrade) blosedal, b'lodal, sul-
edal ; v.t. powul, pia-yil, tsarawul.
Digitized by Google
grazier — gtuh. 207
grazier, n. (also a nomad) powandah,* powimkaey.
grease, n. ghwayaey, spina'h, mu, wazda'h, wazga'h ; v.t.
ghwarawul.
greasy, a. ghwar.
great, a. star, ^af, lo-e, z'barg.
greatness, n. star-walaey, gha^-walaey, lo-e-walaey.
green, a. shin, zarghiin. (unripe) um, tanda'h.
grief, see sorrow,
grievous, a. sa^t, randz-nak, gham-nak.
grind, v.t. ao-rawul, ao-ya'h ka., arnal.
grindstone, n. tsarUi, psan, (for com) median.
groan, n. zgerwaey, heng (plural, henga-har) ; v.t. zger-
waey ka., henga-har laral, henga-har ka.
ground, n. z'maka'h, zamin.
grow, v.i. (as vegetation) tnkedal, zar^unedal, (increase)
zi-atedal, gha^edal. lo-e-edal, (become) kedal, (old) zay-
edal.
growl, v.i. ghrunbedal.
guard, n. paswan, tsoki-dar, pahra'h-dar, (a protector)
satandoaey, satunkaey, jz' g horaey; v.t. paswani ka.,
tsoka'i ka., jz'ghoraly satal.
gtiest, n. melmah.
guide, n. lar-i^ho-wunkaey, bakid, (spiritual) pir, peshwa,
murshid.
guilty, a. gram, gunah-gar, tak^iri, takfir-war.
gun, n. topak or topak, (powder) daru, (ball) mardaka'h,
mardakaey, gola'i. •
gunner, n. topak-chi, top-chi.
gush, n. dara'h, shuturaka'h, ^apika'h ; v.i. dara'h wahal,
shuturaka'h wahal.
* From the verb " powul." The nomad Afghans are
known ad Powandahs and KqcIus, but some of the '^ masters
of the subject" style them "Provindahs" and "Provin-
diahs,'* and erroneously imagine the name to refer to tribes
•of Afghans so-called.
d by Google
208 ^ habitation — hear.
H.
habitation^ n. astoga'li, astogna'h, boreal, kor, mishWh.
hail, n. jzala'h, jzala'i ; v.t. jzaley or jzala'i aoredal.
hair, n. we^htab, (goats') aojz-ghimey.
half, n. nim, nimayah ; v.t. nimawul, dwah nimah ka.
halt, y.i. astedal, daredal, wudredal; v.t. dera'h ka., mukam
ka.
hamlet, n. banda'h, kalaey.
hammer, n. pselk, tsatak, (wooden, a mallet) ^^balaey,
dabla'i, baghar ; v.t. takawul, Xdik wabal, trakawnl, wa-
hal.
hand, n. las, cbaka'b, mangul, panja'h, (handful) lapa'h,
(double handful) lapakaey.
handle, y.t. las lagawul, las war-w'ral, las wahal^
handsome, a. ^ha-istah, k'^hulaey, pa'i-makfaaey.
happen, v.i. pei^hedal, pre-watal, teredal, sb'wal, kedal,
naziledal.
happy, a. ^wai^h, ^ush-hal.
harass, v.t. azarawul, rabrawul.
hard (rigid), a. klak, ting, saU^t, (difficult) gran, (ripe,
hard, etc.) pott.
harvest, n. fa^l, (spring) aoraey, (autumn) manaey,
(gathered in) lau.
haste, n. talwar, garandaey-tob ; (to make) v.t. garandaey
ka., talwar ka.
hate or hatred, n. du^hmam, du^hni, badi, kbwa-badi, tak-
a'h, ghachy kraka'h ; to hate^ v.t. kajzal, ghandaly kraka'h
a^istal.
have, v.t. darlal, laral.
hay, n. wuch wa^ha'h, pash-kalaey.
head, n. sar, kotaey.
heal, v.i. raghedal, joredal ; v.t. ra^awul, joyawul.
health, rogh-ti'a or walaey, joy-la'a or walaey.
heap, n. 4era'i, top, (dung) deran, rash; v.t. tapal, ghim^-
awul.
hear, v.t. arwedal, ghwajz basal.
Digitized by Google
heart — h/umhle, 209
heart, n. z'rah, dil.
heat, n. tod-walaey, toduWba'li, ganui ; v.t. todawul, (warm)
taram ka., (boil) jashawul.
heavy, a. drund,
height, n. uchat-walaey, IVar-walaey.
hel^, see assistance,
hetpless, a. z'mol, la-char, na-tawan, 'ajiz, (from wounds)
zam-z'molaej.
herd, n. park, (cows, bullocks) gabar, gobar, (horses)
gala'b, (buffaloes) goram.
herdsman, n. sbpun (of sheep), gahu, ^obah (of cows and
oxen), gujar (of baiff aloes, also name of a non- Afghan
people in parts near Pei^hawar).
hide, T.i. putedal ; v.t. putawul.
hUl, n. i^un^a'h, (hillock) gjiunda*!. See mountain,
hinder, v.t. hatalawul.
hire, n. kira-ha'h ; v.t. pah kira-ha*h a^istal.
hold, v.i. patedal, fingedal, dza-edal, n'l^hatal, lagedal ; v.t.
niwal, satal, kbundi ka., a^istal, jzghoral.
hole, n. sura*h, suraey.
hollow, a. kawak, tahana'h, 4^4; i^- jzawara'h.
home, n. astogna'h, astoga'h, kor, borjal, mishta'h
honesty, n. rilhti'a, diyanat, diyanat-dari.
honour, n. nang, num, ma^, 'izzat.
hoof, n. swa'h, sum, (cloven) i^ongaraey, nuk.
hope, n. umid, khal, tama' ; v.t. unud or tawkku' laral.
horn, n. ^h'kar.
horse, n. as, (pack) yabu (lit. pony), (man) swor, spor.
hosjpitality, n. melmasti'a.
host, n. tsai^htan, merah, (army) fauj, la^hkar.
hostess, merman, tga^htana'h.
hostility, see enmity,
hot, a. tod, garm,
hour, n. sa'at, (a watch of three hours) pahar.
house, n. kor (also household), l^una'h, mena'h, (storied)
marna'i.
humanity, n. sari-tob.
humble, a. na-tsiz, gharib, 'ajiz.
Digitized by VjOOQI^ A
210 humid — infcmtry.
humid, see damp.
humility, n. na-tsizi, ^aribi, 'ajizi.
hunger, n. Iwajza'h, lewal-tob.
hungry, a. wajzaey, nagh-land. lewal.
husband, n. meirali, tsa^htan.
husbandman, n. zamin-dar, baz-gar, ki^t-kar, (hired)
charey-kar, dih-kan, or dih-gan.
husbandry, n. kar, ki^bt-kari, zamin-dan.
ice, n. kangal, ya^.
idle, a. afal, lat, sust, ghayand. (unemployed) wazgar,
(trifling, as talk) pucb, puch-pucb, prat, prata'h.
idleness, n. lat-walaey, wazgar-tob.
ignorance, n. nab-pobi, bey-khabari.
ill (sick), a. na-jor, na-roghy randzur, bimar.
illness, n. na-jof-ti'a, etc., randziiii, randz, bimaii.
illegal, a. baram, na-bakk, na-rawa.
impassable, a. bey-gudar or guzar, bey-lar.
impede, see hinder.
implements, n. loihi.
important, a. gran, lo-e, ba4a'i, (weighty) drund.
imprison, y.t. kaid ka., band ka.
improper, a. na-kar, na-mnnasib, na-^hanaey, na-la-iV> na-
kardaey.
inclination, n. ^wa, g^o^ht, mina'h, z'lpah*
increase, n. zi'at-walaey, 4er-walaey, wadani ; v.i. zi'atedaly
deredal, (expand) parsedal, ^waredal, wadanedal ; y.t.
zi*atawul, derawiil, wadanawnl, parsawnl, ^warawol.
indolence, n. shatal-walaey, shadal-walaey, laf-walaey.
industry, n. koi^hish, mi^nat, jahd.
vnfancy, n. kachiit-walaey, tufiiliyat.
infant, n. tandaey, tankiey, woy-kaey, kachutaeyy (suck-
ing) pa'i-rawaey.
infantry, n. pi-adah-gan, (battalion) paJfaA.
Digitized by Google
inferioT — intrust. 211
inferior, a. (in age, rank, etc.) kashar, lar, ^h'keah, k'^hat-
a'h, (mean, unimportant) spuk, adna, dun.
infidel, a. kafilr (lit, unbelieving), bey-^n, bej-iman ; n.
kafiraey.
infirm, see weak.
infiict, v.t. war-kawul, rasawul, k'ral, kawul, acbawul.
inform, T.t. ^abarawul, U^abar ka., pobawul, ^ho-wuL
information, n. khabar.
ingress, n. nanawatah.
inhabit, y.i. astedal, aosedal ; v.t. astoga'b or astogna'h ka.,
pre-mishtal, mislita'h ka., wadanawul.
inhabitant, n. aosedunkaey, astedunkaey, astogyaey.
inheritance, n. miras.
injure, v.t. azarawul, ziyan or tawan rasawul ; wranawul,
(pain) tapi ka., jzobalawul, kbujzawul, randzurawul.
injury, n. tap, ttujz, ziyan, azar, randz, nuk§an.
injustice, n. zulm, bey-dadi, bey-insafi, na-l^akki.
innocent, a. bey-gunab, bey-tak^ir, pak, §faf, spin.
inquire, v.t. pusbtedal, pu^htana'b ka., sawal ka., (seek,
examine into) lafawul, shanal.
insensible, a. bey-bo^h, bey-khud ; bey-parwa, bey-^biabar.
insolent, a. sar-ka^h, bey-adab, gusta^, diler.
inspect, see s&e,
inspection, n. katana'b, katab, lidab, Hdana'b.
inspector, n, katunkaey, lidunkaey, nazir, daroghah.
instalment, n. ugra'i.
instruct, see teach.
instrument, n. lo^haey, kalaey, alat, hatiyar.
insurgent, n. ya^i-gar, fasadi, pasati.
intellect, n. poba*b, bosh, fahm, 'akl.
intelligence, n. poba'b, fahm, 'akl, bo^b-yari.
intention, n. kasd, niyat.
interrogate, see question.
interval, n. (of time) muda'b, war, (space) dza-e.
interview, n. katab, lidah, lidana'b, didan, mula^at.
intimidate, v.t. werawul, darawul.
intrust, v.t. sparal, paslawul, ^awala'h ka., amanat ye^-
awul.
Digitized by GO-pffl%
212 invade — hick.
invade, T.t. dara'h ka. or pre-watal, ta^t ka.
invent, T.t. jo|uwul, l^ikmat rawanawul, paida ka.
invention, n. hikmat.
invert, v.t. arawtil, naskorawril, badalawul.
invest, T.t. ^i^arawul, maha^ara'h ka.
investigate, T.t. pu^htedal, latawtd, shanal, ta^lp^ 1
invite, T.t. sat ka., balal, da'wat ka.
iron, n. aospana'h, aospina'h.
irrigate, T.t. lundawul, ^arob ka.
irritate, see vex.
island, n. jazira*h.
isstie, T.i. watal, baliedal, pre-watal ; T.t. jari ka.
jaw, n. jzama'li, (upper) portana'i jzama'h, (lower) k'^hat-
ana'i jzama'h.
join, T.t. joyawul, ga^awul, paiwand ka.
joint, n. jor ; g^uta'h ; paiwand, band.
jowrney, n. safar, pand, (day's) manzil.
joy, n. ttwa^hi, ^nsh-bali.
joyfvl, see ha/pjpy,
judge, n. kazi, mun^if (also as, just, fair, etc.).
judgment, n. hukm, fatwa, niTin^iS, (intellect) poha'liy sud,
tamiz, 'akl, (opinion) fikr, kijas, rae.
jump, T.i. trapedal ; T.t. top wahal, traplal, g^ser walial.
just, a. 'adil, mun^if ; rast, risbtini ; barabar, ju]^t, sam.
justice, n. ingaf , dad, nyaw.
K.
Tceejp, T.i. (continue, etc.) patedal, pa-e-dal, aosedal ; v.t.
(retain, etc.) jz^oral, sataJ, (nourish, etc.) palal, par-
waral, n'manzal, (obey) manal.
"keeper, n. jzg^oraey, satandoaey, satunacT, paliinkaey.
kick, n. lata'h, laj^at, lag^ata'li ; T.t. lata^h wahal, lajfljatey
wahal, pah la^atey wahal.
Digitized by Google
Mc^hme. 213
Jddy n. serlaej, psharlaey, chelaey, ur-ghumaeyy wur-
ghumaey. (wild) wuz-garaej.
hill, y.t. wajlal wajzal, wajzlal, katlawul, ma^r ka., (for
food) l^alalawiil.
kUledy a. wajlalaej, wajzalaej, wajzlalaej, mar-karaej,
maktul.
kind, a. mihrban, (sort, species) rang, shan, jins, kism,
dod, taxir.
hindley see light.
Tcindred or Mn^ n. 'azizan, ^e^han.
hing (badshah, sultan, malik (this is the title by which the
head-men among the Afghans are styled).
kinsmcmf n. 'aziz, ^ei^h, (on the mother's side) mor-ganaey,
(on the father^ s) plar-ganaey.
hiss, n. k'^hul ; y.t. k'^hnlawnl, k'^hul ka.
knavery, n. chal-bazi, farebi, bey-imani, ^ayanat.
knee, n. zangun, dLoga'h.
kneel, y.t. pah zangano or psuh dogo k'^he-nastal, zangano
lagawTil, char zano k'^he-nasl^.
knife, n. chara, (small) charu-ka'i.
knock, y.t. ta^a^wul, t^P or t^ak wahal (against, come
in contact) b'losedal, b'lodal, khwaral.
know, y.i. pohedal, ^abaredal, ma'liimedal, z'dah ke. ; y.t.
pejzandal, z'dah ka., gamal.
knowledge, n. pejzand-galwi, pejzandah, pejzandana'h,
pohed^uia'h, poha'h, ^abar, akl, 'ilm.
laborious, a. gran, sa^t, mushkil.
lahov/r, n. mi^nat, ko^hiih, duk, mashakkat, ^wari, (child-
birth) stam ; y.t. mihnat ka., ko^hish ka., Ubwan ka.,
etc. y.i. (be in labour, as a woman) langedal.
labourer, n. mazdur.
lad, n. halak, zarnaey, zalmaey.
lady, n. merman, mermana'h, ^al^iba'h, bibu
lame^ a. gu4> ^ujz, ka|ram.
Digitized by Google
214 lamene89 — level,
lameness^ n. gn^-walaey, ^ujz-walaey.
IcmCent, y.t. jzapal, wir l^a., gila*h ka., wa-waila ka.
larivp, n. chiraghy 4€wa*H.
land, n. z'maka'h, zamin.
landholder, n. zamin-dar, daftari, jagir-dar, bra^a'h or
bal^ra^ ^oy.
Zap, y.t. tsatal.
large, a. lo-e, ^at, star.
last, a. pasin, w'rustaey ; y.i. (continue) patedal, aosedal,
pa-e-dal.
late, a. na-wakt, (recent) aosan, aosanaey.
latLgJi, y.i. ^andedal ; y.t. Randal.
lav^hter, n. ^anda.
law, n. sbara', shari'at, a'ln.
lead, y.t. biwal, botlal. ra-wnstal.
leader, n. sardar, peshwa, sar-guroh.
leak, y.i. tsatsedal, taledal.
lean, a. dangar, naraej, ^war.
leap, see jump,
learn, y.t. z*dah ka., yadawuL
learning, n. *ilm.
least, a. kashrin, lah or tar (olo nab war or lajz.
leather, n. tsarman.
leave, n. ruU^^at, ijazat, bukm, raza ; y.t. (abandon, etc.)
prejzdal, pre-shodaJ, pre-^hwal, (take) rul^fat a^istal.
ledge, n. morga'li, dada'b, kamar.
left, a. Mm, gats.
leg, n. i^hanga'h, pi§ba'h (applied to the leg as well as to
the foot which is the literal signification), (below the
knee) parkaey, lengaey.
leisure, n. wazgar-tob or ti'a, format.
lend, y.t. por war-kawul, karz war-kawul.
]^ength, n. ujzd-walaey, (of time) 4©r-walaey.
lengthen, y.t. ujzdawnl.
lessen, y.i. lajzedal ; y.t. lajzawul.
lei, see permit, (hire) pah kiraha'h war-kawul.
i^^-^el, a. sam, s£^, barabar, hawar ; y.t. samawul, hawarawul,
waiiR/^^. nayawul.
Digitized by Google
liberal— kfy. 218
Uberal, a. sa^i, ba^shunkaey, war-kawunkaey.
liberate, v.t. prejzdal, yalah ka., ^ala^awul.
liberty^ n. yalah-tob, azadagi, ^ala^i, (option, etc.) wak,
i^tiyar, (permission) ru^sat, ijazat.
Uch, y.t. tsatal.
licy n. pahna'h, darogh ; v.t. palma'li kawul, daro^ wayaL
lie down, T.i. m'lastal, tsamlastal, (in wait) ghalaey ke.
life, n. jzwand, jzwak, jzwandun, hayat, dzan.
Ufeleas, a. mar, bey-^an.
lifetime, n. jzwandun, tayat, 'nmr.
lift, v.t. ^ejzawul, portaJi ka., riyawdal.
light, n. rama, rarna'i, ro^hna'i ; a. rum, rurn, roi^bany
ro^han, (not heavy) spuk; v.i. nimedal, ro^hanke., (de-
scend) kuzedal, pre-watal, naziledal, (as a fire) baledalj
v.t. nimawul, roi^han ka., balawul.
lighten, v.t. spukawul, kamawul ; v.i. nimedal, bre^hedal,
dzaledal.
lightning, n. bre^hna, bark, balk.
like, a. tser, ^undaey, rang, shan, dod ; v.t. khwai^hawnl,
gboi^htaly pasand ka., kabul ka. or kabulawul.
Umit, n. burid (vul, brid), hadd, piila'h ; v.t. hadd taral.
lineage, n. khawraey, nasab, a^l.
Uon, n. m*zaraey, (furious) shin m'zaraey.
lioness, m'zara'i.
li^, n. shunda'h, shund.
listen, v.t. n'^watal, ghwajz niwal or basal, arwedal,
(eaves-dropping) g^wajz tsaral.
little, a. lajz, spuk, j^armandey, zVam, kam, putaey,
potuskaey, wor, workaey.
live, v.t. 'umr terawul, rozgar ka., guzran ka. See exist.
livelihood, n. rozi, rozgar, guzran.
load, n. bar, (one of two loads each side of a camel, etc.)
an^aey, waraey or wuraey, (for the head) panda'h^
(sinall) pandukaey ; v.t. lejzdal, leshal, barawul ; d&\m
awul.
loan, n. por, karz, (borrowing a thing to be returned)
'ariyat.
lofty, see high.
Digitized by Google
216 long — maintain.
long, a. ujzd (also tail), (time) der, (distance) liri.
I onging, n. ^o^ht, lewal, lewal-tob, tswab, mina'h, perzo-
jana'h, perzo-walaey, arman ; v.t. mina'li ka., ghoshtaL
look, n. katah, katana'li, lidah, lidana'li, nazar ; y.t. katal,
goral, Hdal, nazar ka. '
loose, a. arat, gharand. sparalaej, spardalaej, pranatalaey,
pranataej, ^ushaey, (wandering) yalah ; v.t. arat ka.,
pranatal, pre^dal, jalah ka., etc., Uala^awul.
lose, v.t. wuruk ka., (at play, or a cause) ba'elal ; v.i. psey
ke.
loss, n. trota'h, zijan, nuk^an, ba'elana'h, psera'h.
lost, a. wuruk, put, ba'elawaey, ba'elalaey.
lot, n. ba^t, na^ib, kismat, (portion) ba^ra'h, wesh, wand,
hisk ; to cast lots, v.t. hisk ka. or achawul, (with straws)
ttasamaey achawul, (with orbicular dung of sheep,
goats, etc.) pacha'h achawul, (to win) pacha'h w'ral.
love, n. nuna'h, mayan-tob, 'ishk, muhabbat.
hw, a. kuz, landaey, k'shata'h, lar, chit, (mean) spuk, gan-
dah, spajzan, (price) arzan ; v.i. ghurchedal, v.t. ram-
ba^'h wahaL
lower, a. k'^hatanaey, k'^henaey, kuz, lar, landaey; v.t.
k'shata'h ka., kuzawul, landaey ka., (bend downwards)
titawul, (debase) spukawul, kamawul, (frown) bran^awxil,
v.i. (as the sky) toredal.
loyalty, n. daulat-^wahl, namak-hallali.
hick, n. ba^t, nek-ba^ti, nasib.
turking-jplace, n. p'sunaey, put-gana'i, tsawaey.
}ustre, n. bre^hna, rama) ruma, rama'i.
M.
fMid, a. (also, a madman) lewanaey, ^ushaey or khushaey.
piadness, n. lewan-tob.
magnitude, n. lo-e-walaey, ghat-walaey^ star-walaey.
maid, n. peg^la'h, juna'i, jina'i, (servant) chupa'i, suheli,
(bond) win^a'h.
m^aintain, v.t. (support) palal, satal, (defend) jzghoral^
^undi ka.
Digitized by Google
mobke — marry, 217
Tnakp, v.t. joyawul, sazawul, kawul, k'^al, (mix) ga4a'Wtil ;
n. shakl, ^urat, taur, dod, rang.
maker, n. jorawunkaey, kawunkaey, (in comjp^ saz, kar,
gar.
male, a. nar, narinah, me^ah, (of cattle for breeding)
mindah.
malice, see ernmiy,
mallet, n. dablaey, baghdar. (washerman's) tsobayaey.
m^in, n. saraey, insan, (an individual) wagaraej, jzawaey.
m>anage, v.t. cnalawul, tadbir ka, intizam ka.
management, n. tadbir, kar-sazi, intizam.
mane, n. aoihi, aowi, w'rajz, yal.
mxinhood, n. (virility) dzwani, zalmaey-tob, mar^, (bravery)
maranaey-tob.
manifest, a. teargand, ^h'karah, bartser, zahir ; v.t. tsar-
gandawul, ^b'karah ka., zahirawul, bartser ka.
mankind, n. sap, narinah, insan, ^aik, ban! adam.
manly, see hrave,
manner, n. toga'h, shan, rang, taur, taraha'h.
mantle, n. kosaey, choglia*hy (a female's) payiinaey, pachor-
aey, chayal.
manure, n. sara, sara'h; v.t. (to manure land) sarey
achawul.
many, a. ^&r, ga^.
march, n. koch or kuch ; v.t. koch or kuch ka.
mare, n. aspa'h.
margin, n. ghaya'h, tselma'h, trats, dada'h, tsan^a'h, mor-
ga'h, laman.
mark, n. andzor, darak, na^ba'h, rakish, dagh ; v.t. nai^lia'h
lagawul, daghawul.
market, n. bazar, cbar-su.
marriage, n. wada'h, nikah.
married, a. (a man) wada'h-karaey, (a woman) wada'h-
shawey, v.i. (to be married, a woman) wadedal, (a mar-
ried woman) mayo-^ha'h.
marry, v.t. (as a man) wadawul, wada'h ka., (as a priest)
nikah ta^ral, (take a husband) tsaihtan ka., (take a wife)
i^ha^sa'h ka., kor kawul.
Digitized by Google
218 mason — merchandize.
m4i8onf n. mi'mar.
master^ n. teaihtan, bad-ar, ^awand, meirah, malik,
(teacher) ustad, a^un or a^und (also signifies a
learned man, theologian, preacher).
m^ateriah, n. asbab, saman, kaH, hatijar.
m^aUock, n. kodala'i, sa^hsora'h.
m^attress, n. tola-i, toshak, nihali.
meadow, n. wursho, chaman, ragh. jal-gah, ulang.
meal, n. aorah, worah, (fine) maidah.
mean, a. spuk, dun; baj^l, shum, na-karah, (middle)
aowsat, mijandzwaej.
meaning, n. matlab, murad, ma'ni.
msans (manner), n. to-gaej, shau, rang, wajha'h, taur,
(competence, resources) panga'h, saga'h, sar-maya'h,
mal, amadani, (aid) kabl, wasila'h, wa^ita'h.
m^easure, n. mech, kach, paimaesh, andaza'h, joka'h, (por-
tion) wesh, (for grain, etc.) aojzaey, (fourth part of
aojzaey) kurhaey, kuraey; v.t. mech ka., mechawul,
kach ka., andaza'h ka., andaza'h niwal, jokal, (liquids)
v.t. p'yamal, (apportion) v.t. weshal.
meat, n. ghwa^ha'h. (food) ^warak.
msdiate, v.t. gwaihal, gwash-grandaey ka.
mediator, n. gwaih-grandaey, mand^-garaey.
msdicine, n. dawa, darii, dannan.
meet, v.i. pe^hedal, ma^a-ma^ sh'wal; v.t. b'lodal, b'los-
edal, (with, find) mundal.
m^eeting, n. bara'h gara'h, didan, mulakat, wa^lat, (assem-
bly) iolaey, tola'i, jam'a'h, jam'iyat, majlis, (for delibe-
ration) jirga'h.
melt, v.i. will ke., aobah ke. ; v.t. will ka., aobah ka.
m£mory, n. yad.
menace, v.t. trafal, darawul, ratal, werawul.
mend, v.t. jorawul, raghawuL (dam) bezal, pezal, (improve)
v.i. tan^al, joredal, raghedal.
merchant, n. tajir, saudagar, bazargan, (cloth, draper)
paran-cha'h.
msrchandiee, n. mal, sauda, (commerce) tijarat, sauda-
gari.
Digitized by Google
merely — moist, 219
mercy f n. rahm, rahmat.
merciful, a. rahm-dil, (God) rahim, rahman, karim.
merit, n. khubi, sazawan, kadr, li-akat.
message, n. paighaniy (command) kar-ya'li.
m^senger, n. astadzaej, astodzaey, ka^id.
mid-day, n. g^arma'h, takkaraa'n or takanda'h g^arma'h,
mma'li wradz.
middle, a. mijandzwaej, mijandzmaej, mi'anah, (the
middle) miyandz, mi'an.
midnight, n. nima'h-shpa'h.
mid-way, n. nima'H-lar.
might, see power, strength,
mighty, a. zorawar, tuwana, ^awi.
military, a. jangi, la^hkari.
milk, n. pa'i, sliaudeeli ; y.t. TwashaL
mill, n. (hand) mechan, (water) jzaranda'h, a-sija.
miller, n. a-sija-wan, a-sewan, jzarand-garaey.
mind, n. poha'h, hosh, 'akl, dzan, z'rah.
mine, n. kan, (sap) sarangaej, nakab.
minute, n. dam, sa'at, lahza'h.
mire, see mud,
mischief, n. nuk^an, zijan, badi, pasat, fasad, shararat,
wita'h.
miser, n. shum, bakhiL
misery, n. ^wari, tangsi'a, tangsa'h, muflisi, na-kari.
misfortune, n. tor-ba^ti, bad-bakhti, afat, bala, mu^ibat.
mist, n. dund, da^uza'h, la]ra'h.
mistake, n. ^ata, g^alat, ghalati ; y.t. U^ata^ka., ^alat
or ghalati ka.
mistress, n. merman, mermana'h, t§a^htana'h, bad-ara'h ;
m'ashuka'h, jara'h.
mistrust, see doubt,
mix, y.t. gadawul, la]ral, ^akawul.
moan, n. zgerwaey, bilaraa'h ; y.t. zgerwaey ka., angahar
ka. ; y.i. bilarna'h ^atal.
mode, n. shan, rang, togaej, toga'h ; rasm, daatur, tarik-
a'h.
moist, a. lund, z' jam-nak, nawan.
Digitized by Google
moisture— ^nurniur,
moisturey n. z'yam, lund-walaey, naw.
moment, n. dam, sa'at.
m^omentovsy a. drund, gran, mushkil, zariir.
m^oney, n. riipa'i, nakd, dunja, daulat.
month, n. mi-asHt. For names see Grammar, page 75.*
montKLy, a. mi-asht pah mi-asHt, mah-wari, mah pah mah.
maon, n. (new) mi-asht, (full, also moonlight) spojzma'i.
morass, n. hoihtana'h, bushtana'h, tarama'h, jaba'h.
more, a, zi'at, zi'ati, nur.
more or less, lajz <J©r.
m^orning, n. sahr, sahar, (to-morrow) ^aba, ^ub^a.
mortal, n. sa^aej, jzawaey, wugayaey, insan.
m^ortar, n. (mud) pa^sa'h, lew, (cement) ahak, gach^
kunaey.
mostly, ad. aksar, aghlab.
mother, n. mor, (term of endearment) adey ! aba'i ! (in-
law) maira'h, (a father's other wife) been or been mor.
m^ound, n. potaey, 4era*i, ghunda'i. g^iinda'i, ^8Bt.
m,ount, Y.i. khatal, (get on) sparedal, y.t. (to raise up)
Uejzawul.
mountain, n. ghar^ koh, (ridge) kamar, (crest of a pass)
gha^haey ; a. ghartsah. ghartsanaey, kohistani.
mourn, y.i. nuledal ; y.t. gham ka., gham ^waral, jzairal,
wir ka.
mouth, n. ^ula'h, (small) Ubulga'i or ^ulaga'i.
mouthful, n. gola'h, n'waya'i.
move, y.i. ^wadzedal ; y.t. ^wadzawuL
mow, see reajp.
much, a. 4©r, frewan ; n. der-walaey, frewani.
mud, n. ^ata'h, la-e, (mixed for mortar) pa^sa'h, lew.
mule, n. ^achar, £^atar, kachar.
murmwr, n. pus-pus, gungosaey, ^h'kalwah, zwajz, jur yocf^
kur kur ; y.t. gila'h ka., mana'h ka., (as a brook) jur ka.)
ju]rahar wahal, zwajz ka., (as the intestines) jur juf ka.,
kur kur ka., (of conyersation) ^h'kalwah laral or ka.
* The names of Indian months are peculiar to Pesha-
war and parts nearest India*
Digitized by Google
musket — nice, 221
muaJcet, fopak, bandum^.
muster, y.t. shmeral, san mwal, tfo^^^^^ hazirawul; v.i
haziredal, toledal.
mutilate, y.t. jzobalawul, ghwatsawuly karam ka., pre-ka-
wxQ.
mutiny, n. fasad, pasat, yaghi-gariy balwa.
mutineer, n. fasadi, pasati, yaghi-gar.
mutinous, a. yaglii, sar-kai^b.
mvMon, n. da gsedey ghwa^ha'h.
N.
nail, me^, mogaey ; (of finger or toe) n. nuk; y.t. fak-
awul.
naked, a. barband, luts, luts, (stark) luts-puts, luts-kipar.
name, n. num ; to give a name to, y.t. num yeiShaiml or
kejzdal ; to name (style), y.t. numandaey ka.
named, a. numandaey, numa^raey.
narrow, a. tang.
narrowness, n. tang-walaey, (meanness) ba^ili.
nature, n. ^o-e, ^a^lat, mizaj, tab'a'h.
near, a najzdey.
necessary, a. baedab, bo-yah, lazim.
neck, a. g^ara'h, mara'i, markan4a'i, (the nape) aormejz,
warmejz.
needful, a. pah kar, zariir, lazim.
needle, n. stan, (and thread) stan aw spamsaey.
negligent, a. bey-parwa, ghafily bey-]^abar.
neigh, n. ham, shashrnaey ; y.i. baraedal, shashinedal.
neigJibour, n. gawandaey, gawan^, humsayah.
nephew, n. (brother's son) w'rarah, (sister's) ^orah-yaey.
new, a. nawaey, aosanaey, tazah.
news, n. ^abar, (good) zeraey, sar.
nice, a. aghala*h, ghwarah,, iha-istah, maza'h-dar, (deli-
cate) nazuk, (accurate) ju^t, jof, barabar, (fine) barik,
naraey.
Digitized by Google
222 niece — obvious.
niece, n. (brother's daughter) warera'h, (sister's) U|or«
dza'h.
nigh, see near.
night, n. shpa'h, (to-night) nan-shpa'h.
nimble, a. ga^randaej, zg^ard, tak-lastaej, chalak.
noble, a. lo-e, ghnX ; sahu, sawu, ashraf, a^il ; n. sardar,
U^an, amir, arbab.
noise, n. jzwaj^, zwajz, g^ajz, ghaOy chagh. bang, shor ; v.t.
(create a noise) ^ajzawul, chaghawuly jzwajz ka.
nominate, see appoint
noon, n. gharma'h, t^kkama'h or takanda'h gharma'hy do-
paiir.
nose, n. paza'h, poza'h.
noted, a. num-war, mashur, nam-dar, tsargand.
nothing, n. hits, na-tsiz.
notice, n. katana'h, lidana'h, nazar, (warning) jar, ittil'a,
iz^ar; v.i. katal, lidal; y.t. nazar ka., jar wahal, ittila'
ka., izhar ka.
notify, see preceding.
nourish, v.t. palal, n*mandzal, satal, parwaral.
numb, a. karkechan, marghechan.
number, 'adad, hisab, shumar ; y.t. Idsab ka., shmeraL
numerous, a. der, gam, wadan.
0.
oath, n. kasm, half, saugand ; T.t. kasm ka., (to administer
an oath) kasm war-kawiil.
obey, v.t. manal, hukm pah dza'e ra-w'ral, n'ghwatal.
obligation, n. (duty) farz, (favour) minnat.
obscure, a. tirah, fund, put, (ignoble) kam a^l.
observe, v.t. katal, lidal, goral, nazar ka., (say) wayal.
obstinacy, n. hod, hocja'h.
obstinate (person), a. hodaey.
obtain, v.t. gatal, mundal, bi-a-mundal.
obvious, a. tsargand, ^h'karah, barker, zahir.
Digitized by Google
occasion — order.
occasion, n. bar, dzal, he^r, hera'h, pla, nobat, war, muda'li,
(cause) sabab, ba'is, gharaz. i^tiyaj ; y.t. kawul, k'^al,
^ejzawuL
occupy, see employ.
occur, v.i. i§h*wal,kedal, teredal, pe^hedal, pre-watal, (to the
mind) yadedal, pah jad raghlal.
occttrrewce, n. hadisa'h, waki'a'h.
offencCy n. gunah, takfir, wabal, (umbrage) Uiafagi, randz,
marawur-tob, etc. ; y.t. gunah ka., tak^ir ka., marawar
ka., ^afah ka.
offender, n. gunah-gar, tak^ir-dar, tak^iri.
€ffice, n. kar, man^iab, ^idicnat, dza'e, 'uhda'h.
officer, n. man^ab-dar, *uhda'h-dar, sardar.
offspring, n. aulad, farzaud, nasi, zu-zat, zah-o-zad.
old, a. zor, (man) spin-jziraey, (woman) spin-sara'h, (age)
zar-ti*a, zar-walaej. See ancient,
often, ad. def dzalah.
omit, v.t. pre-jzdal, terawul, pre-iShwal.
onset, n. tsot, b'rid, hamla'h, guzar.
ooze, Y.i. tsatsedaJ, watal.
open, a. arat, pranataey, pranataJaej, waz, (clear) spin, ^af ,
(apparent) ^h'karah, tsargand ; v.i. aratedal, ghwayedal,
j^waredal ; v.t. pranatal, ^alaffawul, aratawul, (spread)
ghwarawul, ^warawul, spardal.
opinion, n. poha'h, rae, guman, fikr.
opportunity, n. war, puk, dao, muda'h, wakt, ra^na'h.
oppose, Y.t. mukabala'h ka., apawul, hafalawul, man'a'h
ka. ; v.t. (in battle) barabari ka., v.i. jangedal.
opposition, n. hocj, hocja'h, zidd, dzel, ikhtilaf .
oppress, v.t. zulm ka., jafa ka., azarawul, dzwarawul.
oppression, n. zulm, jaia, dzwar, zorawari, zabardasti.
oppressor, n. zalim, jafa-kar, sitam-gar.
option, n. i^tiyar, wak ; to have option, v.t. i^tiyar laral,
wak laral.
order, n. hukm, farman, (method) yun, intizam, tartib,
(kind) kam, jins, (custom) rasm, dasttLr, tarika'h, ka'id-
a'h ; v.t. hukm ki., hukm war-kawul, farmayil; tan^al,
joyawul, atsa^al.
Digitized by Google
224 ordina/nce—pahn,
ordinance, n. amr, hukm ; a'in, ka'ida'h, kanun, sliar'a'liy
shari'at.
origin^ n. a^l, bonsat, nasi, wekh.
outrage, n. jafa, zor, zulm.
outside, n. bahir, maldi.
oven, n. tanur.
overcast, a. tor, gur, gam, put.
overcome, y.t. wahal, land! ka., pser ka., baraej ka., mai^-
lub ka.
overlook, v.t. goral, lidal, katal, (pass over, forgive)
pulawul, baUb^bal.
overset, v.t. arawul, naskorawul.
overthrow, n. mat-ya'li, sat, shikast; v.t. narawnl, matawul,
naskorawul, (ruin) pa*e-nial ka., latarawul; saf ka.,
sat or shikast war-kawul.
own,Y,t, dar-lawul, dar-lal, laral, (assent) manal, kabulawuL
ovmer, n. tsasbtan, malik, merali, ^awand.
035, n. ghwkjSLej, ^wayaey, g^utskaey, 4angar (also a
buffalo).
P.
pace, n. yun, tag, raftar, kadam, pal.
]^acify, v.t. papula ka., sarawul, dilasa or tasalli war-
kawul.
pack-saddle, n. palan, kata'b, mora'b.
pad, n. (for a saddle) ta^^ar, (small, for the hand) bali^-
tak, (to support a round-bottomed vessel) manjila'h.
pain, n. ^ujz, dard, randz, swaey, sozish, 'agab ; v.i. (to
ache) ttujzedal, swal, day dedal, v.t. (cause) UujzawxQ,
swaey ka., 'azab ka., dardawul.
painful, a. ^ujz-mand, dard-mand.
fains, n. koi^hiiSh, jahd, mihnat, zor, (of childbirth) da
langedalo or langedo dard ; to take pains, v.t. ko^hi^h
ka., mihnat ka., jahd ka., zor ka.
pale, a. zi-yar (lit, yellow), spor (Jiit, grey).
palm, n. war-|^owaey, ^apay , lapa'h, (measure) tsapaJ^.
Digitized by Google
pailjpitcUe—^y. 225
pal^itcste, T.i. rapedal, dfakedal.
pan, n. bat, karaliaej, (earthen) loi^haej, kafwaej, taba'i,
(wooden) i^hanak, kacbkol.
panic, see /ear.
pwraJ/ysis, n. shall, guzan, (of the face) lakwa'h.
paralytic, a. shaU-o-shul, guzan-wahalaey.
pardon, n. ba^^h, ba^^hana'h, mu'ai; v.t. mu'af ka.,
ba^hal.
parent, n. plar, mor.
parentage, see origin.
parry, v.t. daf a'h ka., gserzawul, liri ka., bachawul.
part, n. ba^ra'h, wesh, ti99a'h, (place) ^wa, dza*e, muk-
am, taraf; v.i. beyaledal, Twu^htal; v.t. beyalawul,
juda ka., weshal.
partiality, n. pas-walaey, taraf-dari, marasta'h, sela'h, sel-
wa'h, (affection) mina'h, (inclination) ]^wa.
particula/r, a. ^a??, (detail) tafsil.
pass, v.i. teredal, t'lal, la]ral, (by) ter watal, (cross) pori
watal; n. (defite) tangaey, dara'h, (over a mountain)
gha^haey^ kotal, (state) l^al, (permit) rawana'h, par-
wana'h, (stroke) guzar, daw, war.
past, a. ter, ter iShawaey, t'lalaey.
pasture, n. (ground) wursho, tsarah-gah, (forage) wa^hah,
tsar, 'alaf ; v.t. tsarawul, powul, piayal.
path, n. lar, wat, (narrow or bye, unfit for horsemen) tsar-
a'h-lar, (one by which a horse can go) da as lar.
patience, n. tahammul, ffabr ; v.t. (to have) ffabr niwal, ffabr
ka., 9abr laral, tahammul ka.
patient, a. ^abr-nak, ffabir ; n. (sick person) bimar, mariz,
na-jor, randziir.
patrol, n. talaya'h ; v.t. talaya'h ka.
pattern, n. namuna'h, na^ha'h, kalib.
pause, v.t. dama'h niwal, v.i. wudredal, v.t. (reflect) fikr ka.
pavm, v.t. garaa'h ka., (put in pawn) pah garney k'^hoy
ke-^hwal or ke-^hodal, grau ka.
pay, n. talab, mawajib, tajikhwah, mahina'h (lit. monthly
pay) ; v.t. mawajib or talab or mahina'h war-kawul,
(discharge, settle) ada ka.
Digitized by GoOgjK
jpeace— spurns.
jpeace, n. ^ul^a'h, ashti, rogha'liy t^tob, pa^xda tob or
walaej, aram, asudagi; y.t. ^ulha'hka. ashti ka.,ro£^a'h
ka., (treaty of) ^ulha'h nama'h.
jpeacecbble, a. gharib. papula.
peasant, n. bazgar, zamindar, dibgan, dib^an, (labourer,
ploagbman) charikar.
pebble, n. gitaey, g^\Sb% (large) gita'b, gataey, taraira'h.
pebbly, a. gitin.
pedigree, n. pera'i, a?!, nasab, pusht.
pedlar, n. ^urda'h farosh.
peg, n. spar^aey, mojzaey, meUb*
pelt, y.t. achawiQ, wishtal, ta*? ^
penetrate, v.i. pori ra pori watal, pori aori watal.
penitent, a. pa^himan, toba'h-gar.
penitence, n. pa^himani, toba'h.
people, n. 'alam, ^alk, wugari ; v.t. abadawul, wadanawul.
perceive, v.i. pohedal, pejzandal ; v.t. lidal.
perform, v.t. kawul, k'rai, ada ka., purah ka., pah dza'e
ra-w'yal. #
period, n. muda'h, wakt, wa^t, nobat, war, hef.
persevercmce, n. himmat, ko^hi^h.
person, n. sa]raey, wugaraey, tan, kas, (the body) dzan,
9urat, andam.
pestilence, n. waba, ta-wun, ta'un.
petition, n. 'arz, dar^wast, sawal.
physic, n. dawa, darman, daru, (practice) tabibi.
physician, s. tabib, hakim.
pick, v.a. shukawul, (gather) amawul, (the teeth, etc.)
tiinbal, (up) a]^istal.
ptcJc-aae, n. kaha'i, parokaey, taraza'h, tswal.
piece, n. %o\8uej, \lak, tuk, fukaey, pina'h, (land) pataey,
wan^j marima'h.
pierce, v.t. suraey ka., tetsal, zanal, si^al, tsarkb ^
pillage, see plunder,
pillow, n. baliiiht.
pine, n. na^htar, sanobar.
pine, v.i. pa^edal, zahedal, ka^edal, nuledal.
pious, a. iman-dar, din-dar, n'mand^.
Digitized by Google
pistol — jpoinU 227
jpistoly n. tamancha'h.
pit, n. tubkaey, tublaey, jzawar-^alaey, ioghsl, ka^hal.
jpitch (as a tent), v.t. ^ejzawul, walarawul, wudrawnl,
(cast) wishtal, acliawiil.
pity, n. z'rah s'waey, khwa-khojziy rahm, dard.
plctce, n. dza'e, mukam, (dwelling) astoga*h, astogna'h,
mishta'h, (instead) badal, (rank) martaba'li ; v.t. jz*dal,
ke- jz*dal, ke-i^hodal, ke-^bwal, ye^hawul, ye^hal, ye^bodal.
plague, Bee pestilence,
plain, a. (simple) sadah, (flat) hawar, sam, sat, (pure) tor-
aey, spor, karah, (apparent) bartser, tsargand; n.
sama'h.
plan, n. tadbir, band, tajwiz, hikmat, cbal, sa^tagi, tugh-
yan ; v.t. tadbir ka., cbal ka., hikmat ka., jorawul.
plank, n. taKbta'h, tanba'h.
pla/nt, n. bnz^alaey, tandaey, biitaey, tegh ; v.t. n'jatal,
karal, kfaa^hawul, jz'dal, zanaJ.
plaster, n. a^ierana'b, a^arah, gacb, (mud plaster) lew,
ttata'h, (for a woimd) malham, paha'h, tab ; v.t. a^eral,
ttata'h ka., lewawul.
pla/y, n. loba'h, luwaba'h, lobey, bazi, (gambling) ju'ari ;
v.t. loba'b or lobey ka., luwaba'bka., bazi ka., ju'ari ka.,
(act) pe^hey ka., (music) gbajzawul, tarana*li or taraney
wahal.
pleasant, a. ihmh, ]^wand-nak, maza'b-dar, laziz, aghalahy
dil-pazir.
please, v.t. ^wand war kawul, maza'h ka., ttwaiSliawul,
^usbalawul, razi ka., ^haghal.
plenty, n. der-walaey, f rewam, wadani.
plot, n. (of land) wand, pajaey, (stratagem) lamgliaya%
jori^ht, (conspiracy) sazisb, bandish.
plough, n. yow-ya'h, kulba'h ; v.t. yow-ya*b or yawey ka.,
kuLba'h ka.
plunder, n. awar, ulja'h, tar. ta]rak, tala'h, talan, cLur, lut ;
v.t. tala'h or talan ka., lutawul, natal, awar ka., tarak ka.,
tar ka., etc.
point, n. tsiika'li, sar, peza'h ; v.t. (sharpen) tera'h ka.,
(point out) showul, ihayal.
Digitized by VjOIS
628 ^lish — quit.
polish, v.t. mui^hal, tojzal, z'doyal, saikal ka.
pollute, Y.t. ^iranawul, palitawiil, na-pak ka., kaka^awuL
pool, n. 4B;ad, (small) 4a'i^4a«'li9 4an4^taey, joejx,d&\), kol.
poor, a. ^war, tayah, dar-mandah, na-dar, muflis, bey-zar,
bey-ma-ya'h.
populous, a. wadan, abad.
portion, n. ba^ra'h, hiffa'b, wan4, wesh, (destiny) ids-
mat.
position, n. dza'e, moikam, tama'h.
possess, y.t. dar-lawal, dar-lal, land.
Q.
quagmire, n. bo^btana'h, tramna'h, yala'h, ^ata'h (lit.
mud).
qtiaJce, v.i. larzedal, pay akedal, rapedal.
quantity, n. andaza'b, kadr, wazn. ^
qttarrel, n. jang, jaga]ra'h, steza'h, kaziya'b ; v.t. jang ka.,
jagaira'h ka., ^aziya'b ka., steza'h ka. ; y.i. jangedsd.
quarter, n. tsalorama'h ba^ra'h, pao, (place of abode)
astoga'b, astogna'h, astojza'h, ^a'e, (side) tselma'h,
^wa, lasta'h, lor, loraey, (mercy) aman, amn.
queen, n. malika'b, (in her own right), sultan, badshah.
quell, Y.t. k'^be-nawal, sayawul, matawul.
quench, v.t. sarawul, may ka.
question, n. puihtana'h, sawal, (doubt) shakk, guman ; v.t.
pu^tana'h ka., sawal ka., shakk ra-Vral, guman ksL
quick, a. zeer, zghardy gayandaey, gyandaey, talwar, tez,
chalak.
quicksand, n. ghal shiga'h.
quiet, a. aram, karar, ^alaey, (meek) gharib ; quiet or
quietness), n. aram, Varar, ^^alaey-tob ; gharibi.
quUt, n. byastan, tola-i, nih^.
quU, see leave.
d by Google
race — rashness.
R.
race, n. z'ghksty z'ghai^ht. man^a'h, (kind, lineage) kor,
nojza'h, a^l, nasi, zat, ^anadan ; y.t. z'ghalawnl.
raft, n. jala'h, dzala'h, zango.
rafter, n. bainsh, patera'h, lahayaey.
ragged, a. gand-po^h ; re^hej re^hey, t^l^ t^> t^^ \iald.
raiment, see clothes,
rain, n. baran, (heavy) shebah or shabah baran, gam
baran, (slight) puna'h, rangaey baran, (spring shower)
da psarli baran, ha^hma'h, wasa'h, (summer) da wo-fi
baran, (rainy season, the rains, used by Afghans of
Peshawar and parts nearest the Panj-ab) parshakal,
(bow) shna'h zarghuna'h, shna'h kasa'h sara'h kasa'h,
da bu^a'i tal ; v.i. aoredal, woredal, baran pre-watal.
radse, v.t. (up) patsawul, portah ka., U^ejzawul, (erect)
lakawul, wudrawul, walarawul.
ram, n. majz, gsed.
rampart, n. bara'h, i^hahr-panah.
range, n. (moving about) ga^ht,- (of shot, etc.) partab j v.t.
^ht ka.
rank, a. s]^a, w'rost; n. martaba'h, darja'h, dza'e, (of
soldiers) ^aff, para'h, katar ; (to form into a rank) v.t.
9a£E ta^al, para'h ta^ or loi, ; T.i. (to move in rank)
pah para'h t'lal, (to stand in rank) pah para'h dar-
edal.
ra/nsom, n. da U^ala^a'i baha, (for bloodshed) ^un-bahay
di-yat, (black-mail) bunga'h ; v.t. ^ala^awul.
ra^ciotus, a. gharat-gar. luf-mar.
ra^e, v.t. pah zabardasti zina ka., (vul.) pah jabr ghowuL
rajpid, see quick,
rare, a. matra'h, nadir, (thin, scant) naraey, z'wam.
rascal, n. charlancji, la^alaey, bad-ma'ash, Jt^arami.
rash, a. talwar-gyandaey, bey-ittiyat, bey-bak, bey-ta'm-
mul, bey-tadbir, jalt.
rashness, a. tal-wal, bey-i^tiyati, jur'at ; (to act with rash-
ness) v.t. tal-wal ka., bey-i^tiyati ka., jur'at ka.
Digitized by Google
230 rate — recompense.
raUy n. nir^, bai'a'h, kimat, hisab, (ratio) andaza'H ; slian,
taur ; v.t. nirWt, taral, (to scold) tratal, ratal.
rattle, n. slirang, gar, gar-kaey, g'^anj, (a child's) chan-
charaaey, g'ranjawu ; v.i. slirangedal, g'ranjedal.
ravage, n. ujar-walaey, ujari, wejar-walaev, mar-day, wa-
rani ; v.t. ujayawul, etc., mar-day ka., waranawul, natal,
latayawul, tay ka., chur ka.
ravine, n. ^way, kanda'h, algada'h, cbur, kbuy.
ravish, v.t. bikr sblawul, (seize forcibly) pah jabr or zor
akfaistal.
raw, a. aom, amg^alan, mm-gayaey, nimia'h-kfawa, mm-pokhy
(cold) soy, yatt, (abraded) suledalaey.
roAJoneas, n. aom-walaey, soy-walaey, saya'h.
raae, v.t. nayawul.
reach, v.i. rasedal, ra-t*lal ra-g^lal, (touch) lagedal.
read, v.t. Twastal.
ready, a. tai-yar, hazir.
real, a, ri^htunaey, rkhti'a, rishtinaey, asli, karah.
reap, v.t. rebal, rawdal, lau ka.
reaper (a), n. lau-garaey, rebunkaey, rawdunkaey, (reaping
' hook) lor, lawa-aor.
rear, n. sha. (lit the back) w'rustah, dumbal ; ad. in the
rear, pah w'rustah, pah w'rusto, pah sha, pastanah.
'rear, v.t, palal, parwaral, n'mazal, n'mandzal.
reason, n. poha'h, 'akl, (proof) dalil, hujjat, subut, (cause)
ba'is, sabab, jihat, wasita'h.
reasonable, a. munasib, wajib, ^hseh, pirzo, perzo.
rebel, n. ba^i-gar, yag^i-gar, sar-kash, mufsid ; v.t. sar-
ka^hi ka. ; v.i. bag^i ke., yaghi ke. ; v.t. ya^i-gari ka.
rebellion, n. ya^i-gari, fasad, baghawat, tturuj.
rebdlioiis, a. fasad!, sar-kai^h, baghi, baghi^ yaghi.
receive, v.t. mundal, aUtiistal, (allow) manal.
reckon, v.t. shmeral, shmaral, gamal, pohedal, hisab ka.
recline, v.i. tsamlastal, m'lastal, ghazedal.
recognize, v.i. pejzandal.
recollect, v.t. yadawul, z'dah ka.
recommend, v.t. sparal, sipansh ka.
recompense, n. sawab, badkl, tawan, laza. ^ ,
'' itized by Google
reconcile — religion, 231
reconcihy v.t. papula ka., ^wa sarawul.
recover, v.i. jo^redal, raghedal ; v.t. (fiii4 again) bi-a-mTin-
dal.
recovery, n. joyedana'h, raghedana*h. jor-ti*a.
redress, n. in^af , nyaw, dad-rasi ; v.t. nyaw ka., tawan war-
kawul, dad-rasi ka., jorawul.
red, a. siir, sur^.
reduce, v.t. kamawul, landawul, (overcome) matawul, "pmx
ka.
refuge, n. panah, nanawatah.
refuse, v.t. iba ka., iba ra-Vral, inkar ka., na-manal ; v.i.
mimkiredal, gharedal ; v.t. na-kabulawul.
regiment, n. paltan.
regret, n. arman, afsos, pai^hemam, toba'h ; v.t. arman ka.,
afsos ka., toba'h ka. ; v.i. paiheman ke.
regulation, n. a'in, kaniin.
reject, v.t. basal, jar-basal, yastal, jar-yastal, i^ha-yal,
sharal, liri ka.
rein, n. waga'h, (reins complete) m'luna'h, (a leading rein,
a rope) ba^gol.
rejoice, v.i. ^usb-haledal, ^hadedal; v.t. ^ush-hali ka.,
^hadawul, (over another spitefully) wi-aral.
relate, v.t. bayanawul, pah bayan ra-Vral, ki^^a'h ka.,
wayal, (appertain) ta'lluk laral, nisbat laral; v.i. lag-
edal, (attribute) nisbat ka.
relation, n. bayan, ki^^a'h, (reference) ta'lluk, nisbat, (kin-
dred) Ue^h, 'aziz, (paternal) plar-ganaey, (maternal)
morgana'!.
relaiion^hijp, n. khpulawi, Khpul-wali, khpul-walaey, khpul-
gaiwi, (by marriage) ^eshi ; to contract relationship,
v.t. kfaeshi ka., Upulawi ka.
release, n. khalagiy khalagedana'h, azadi, azadagi ; v.t.
ttaia^awul, azadawul, wur-hawul.
reUa/nce, n. bawar, i'tibar, umed.
relieve, v.t. madad war-kawal, komak war-kawul or rasa-
wul, hapa'h ka., aram war-kawul, (lessen) sayawul,
(change) badalawul. •
religion, n. ^n, maghab, iman.
Digitized by Google
232 relinquish — retaliate.
relinquish f y.t. prej'zdal, pre-iiliwal, pre-i^liodal.
rely, v.t. bawar ka., i'tibar ka., tawakkul ka. or laral.
remain, v.i. patedal, pato or patej ke., aosedal, pa'edal.
remedy, n. 'ilaj, darman, dawa, tsara'li, tadbir; v.t. 'ilaj
ka., darman ka., etc., tadbir ka., joi*awul, ra^awul.
remember, Y.t, z'dah ka., yadawul, (recognize by recollection)
pejzandal.
remembrance, n. pejzandah, pejzandana'b, yad.
remind, v.t. yad war-kawul.
remit, v.t. (send) astawul, le^dal, (lessen) kamawul, lajz-
awul, (absolve) bakfai^hal, pulamil.
remove, v.t. ^ejzawul, liri ka., (migrate) ka^a'h ka., kuch
ka., lethal.
renowned, a. nam-war, masbur^ tsargand*
rent, n. ijara'h, kira-ba'b.
repair, v.t. jorawul, raghawul. tandal.
repent, v.i. pa^heman ke. ; v.t. toba'h ka. or k'l^hal, arman ka.
repentance, n. pai^hemam, toba'b, arman.
r^ly, see answer,
report, n. khabar, awaza'h, (sound) bang, UL^as, 4&z,
^jz.
repose, n. tatob, aram ; v.i. (take rest) tsamlastal, m'lastal,
u-dab ke., gbazedal ; v.t. ^ub ka.
reprim^ind, see reprove.
reprove, v.t. (ratal, ratal, malamat ka. malamatawul.
repulse, v.t. matawnl, batalawnl, ta^htawul, dafa'h ka.,
tar pah tarawul, sbikast ka.
reputation, n. num, abru, nang, nek-nami.
request, n. ghosht^ sawal, darj^wast, 'arz ; v.t. sawal ka.,
etc., gboi^btal, pu^btedal.
reside, see dwell.
resolute, a. z'^ah-war, diler, klak.
respect, n. 4zzat, adab.
rest, n. aram. karar, (sleep) ^ub, (pause) dama'h, war ;
v.i. tsamlastal, m'lastal ; v.t. aramawul, kbub ka., (the
rest) a. pato, pataey, nur.
retaliate, v.t. badal or badla'h or jaza or ]psa9 aldjistal,
bota'h bramta'h ka., intikam a^istal.
Digitized by Google
reUnue-^roast.
retinue, n. swarli.
retire, see retreat,
retreaty n. te^hta'h, (asylum) panah, nanawatah; v.i. tasht-
edal, zWedal, z'gjbastal, pah Btana'h puri watal; y.t.
sha war-kawiil.
return, n. jarwatah, jarwatana'li, (profit) sud, gata'h,
^t^uia'li, jaza; v.i. bi-artah rag^^laL, bi-artah gserzedal,
]ar- watal, stunedal; v.t. (send back) pah bi-artah
astawiil.
revemte,n, ma^^vH, baj, ^iraj, saw,
revile, see abuse,
refwcurd, n. gawab, jaza, in'am, ba^^hana'h, (return for
labour) ujrat, mihnat.
rice, n. w'rijey, (in husk) sholey, shalal, (field) shala'i-
zara'h, shol-gara'h, (ground prepared for sowing rice)
ka4-hal.
rich, a. daulat-man, mal-dar, dunya-dar.
riches, n. dunya, daidat, mal.
ride, v.i. swaredal, sparedal ; v.t. swarli ka.
rider, n. swor, spor, sporlanaey.
ridge, n. kamar, warsak, pu^hta'h.
right, a. jor, ju^t, ri^hti'a, rawa, barabar, ^hseh, lazim,
wajib, rast, (not left) ^haey, (hand) ^haey las, (right
and left) ^haey ow kim ; n. hakk. mal, milk, (justice)
in^af, 'adl; (make right) v.t. jorawul, samawul.
ring, n. kara'i, (finger) tsalaey, (seal or signet) muhr ; v.i.
trangedal, shrangedal, g'^anjedal; v.t. shrangawul,
g'yanjawul, etc.
ringleader, n. sar-guroh.
rijpe a. po^, kfaurin.
rise, n. ^atah, (elevation) pechumali, pechumaey; v.i.
patsedal, ^atal, wala^edal. portah ke.
river, Ti, sin, sind, riid, daryab, (small) nahr.
rivulet, n. lai^htaey, wala*h, wela*h.
road, n. lar, rah, wat (peculiar to Pei^hawar and its vicinity).
roar, n. tarn, ghrumb. dandukar ; v.t. tamahar ka. or laral;
v.i. ghrumbedal ; v.t. ghyumbaL
roaet (or fry), v.t. telawul, te-yal, Vritawul.
Digitized by Google
234 rob — ruined.
rob, Y.t. gtlk ka., natal, lufal, lutawul, lar wahal.
robber, n. ghal.
robbery, n. ghla.
robe, see garment
rock, n. skhar, dabara'h, tejzah, gat; v.t. tal ^wa^raL,
juta'i j^waral ; v.i zangal, zangedal, shanedal ; v.t. tal
wahal, juta'i war-kawul, zangawiil, shanawnl.
rotiky, a. ^^'barinah, gafin, sang-la^.
rogv^, see rascal,
roll, n. r'gha^ht, n'ghaiSiit, wal, tao, (of paper) dasta'h, fard,
(list) daftar; v.t. (up), n'ghai^lital, n'gharal ; (on the
ground) v.i. r'gha^htal, r'^ayedal.
roof, n. bam, sakf , teapar, chat.
room, n. j^iina'h, dza*e, koja'h, hujra'h (also in Peshawar
and parts adjacent, a public room for travellers, a guest
room).
root, n. mund, wula'h, we^, (base) kunsata'h, bonsat, bun-
yad ; (to root up) v.t. lah munda basal or yastal, etc., or
we^, wula'h, etc., kajzal or k'^hal or k'shawul.
rope, n. paraey, rasa'i, (hair, etc.) wai^h, wai^h-kaey, sila'i,
(made foom fibre of palm-leaf) burn, biyasta'h, (of
strips of hide) sar-bandey.
rot, v.i. w'rastedal, sharhed^, s^a ke., bornedal.
rotten, a. w'rost, s^a, sharhedalaey, bomedalaey.
rottenness, n. w'rost-walaey, s^a-tob or ti'a or walaey.
rov^h, a. zijz, (to the taste) z'mo^, z'mo^t, triw, (austere)
but, Pwar, klak, (plain, unmixed, etc.) spor.
round, a. g^und. ghiind ; n. (beat) ga^ht, (bout) guzar,
war ; (to turn round) v.i. churledal, gaerzedal; v.t, churl-
awul, gaerzawul.
rouse, see waJce,
rout, see revise,
rub, v.t. mu^hal, mujzal, tojzal.
rubbish, n. khadzala'h, war-^ara'h.
ntm, n. warani, wiyay- walaey, j^arabi, rang-walaey; v.t.
waranawul, wijayawul, yangawul, nayawul, ^arab ka.
ruined, a. waran, wijay, yang, kbyang o yang, mat-gu4,naya-
wulaey.
Digitized by Google
rule — salve, 236
rule, n. hukumat, hukm, ^ukm-ram, 'amal, (regulation)
a'in, kanun, ka'ida'h, tanka'h ; v.t. hakumat ka., hukm-
rani ka.
ruler, n. hakim, amir, wall.
rwn, n. z'^^ast, manda'h, dau ; v.i. z'ghaledal, z'^astal,
z^ghailital ; v.t. mandey wahal ; (away) v.i. ta^htedaJ ;
(away with) taihtawul, (after) pasey z'ghaledal, pasey
pre-watal, (over) to-yedal, (out) watal, (flow) bahedal ;
(down, disparage) v.t. Randal, (down, overtake) v.t.
landey ka., (up) v.i. ^atal ; v.t. ^ejzawul.
ruat^n. zang.
ru8ty, a. zang-shawaey, zang-^wajralaey.
s.
Back, n. (of goat's hair) i^undaey, (of hair or hemp) tsat-
a'h, juwal, dzola'i ; v.t. (plunder) natal, lutawul, mar-
dar ka., na-tar ka.
sad, a. zahir, gham-jan. gham-nak^ gham-gin, dil-gir,
malul.
saddle, n. zin, (pommel) n'gubaey, kash, (cloth) zin-poiih,
togham. (bag) khurjin, (girth) tang, tatang, (pad) kho-
gir ; v.t. zinawul, zin ye^hawul.
saddler, n. zin-saz, sarraj.
sadness, n. zahir-ti'a or walaey, ^am, dil-giri, nul.
safe, a. aman, salamat; n. (conduct) badraga'h, (guard)
pushti, panah.
saint, n. pir. wali, abdal, z'barg, (the saints) auliya.
sale, n. prolana'h, prowuna'h, plor, bai'a'h; v.t. prolal,
prowul, ploral, bai'a'h ka.
salt, n. maiga'h ; a. malgin.
sdkdation, n. salam, allah-bash, ro^-bar, bargarandi ; v.t.
(salute or make salutation) salam achawul, ro^-bar or
ba^rga^^andi ka., allah-bash ka.
saloe, n. malham, paha'h.
Digitized by Google
iand — secret.
sand, n. shiga'li, (sandy soil) shiglana'h, (sandy desert)
ka^.
sandal, n. tsapla'i.
sandy, a. shiglan.
sap, y.t. surang or snrangaey wahal, suraej ka.
satiety, n. mor-ti'a, mo|r-walaey, marah ^wah.
satiate, y.t. mafawiil, (j&'^&wul, so^rawiil.
satisfaction, n. raza-mandi, U^atir-I^walii.
satisfy, v.t. razi ka., ttatir-jam'i ka., pohawul.
save, v.t. satal, jzghoral. ^nndi ka.
saw, n. ara'h, (dust) chur.
say, v.t. wayal, ^abarey ka., lal, lawdal.
scabbard, n. teka'h, tekaey, mi'an.
scales, n. tala'h, tarazu.
sca/rce, a. pitsarney, lajz, rangaey, matra'h, kam, pufaey,
potuskaey.
sca/rcity, n. ka^ti, tangsi'a, kom-yabi, 4ukal.
scatter, v.t. U^warawul, khparawul, tar-pah-tarawul, rajz-
awul, tarmey tarmey ka.
scholar, n. sbagird, (erudite) 'alim, mulla.
school, n. maktab, (master) ustad, mu'allim, a]^und.
science, n. 'ilm, ^ikmat.
scour, v.t. mu^hal, mujzal, tojzal, z'doyal.
scout, n. tsari, zaraey, yalah-dar, t§ar-kawunkaey ; v.t. tsar
ka., tsaral, zarana'i ka.
scrap, n. tota'h, tnk, papikaey.
scrape, v.t. garawul, garjzal, skoyal.
scratch, see scrape,
scream, n. surey, jala'i, nara'b, clu|^ara'h ; v.t. narey surej
ka., jala'i wahal, narey wahal, chighara^h ka.
screen, v.t. putawul, poi^nal.
screw, n. pech, marwat, (of a violin, etc.) ^wajz, ghwajg*
aey.
seal, n. mubr ; v.t. muhr lagawul or muhr ka.
seam, n. jo^r^ darz, sko-e, sko.
sewrch, v.t. shanal, latawul.
season, n. mausim, fa?! ; wal^t, muda'h.
secret, a. put-pinbam.
Digitized by Google
aecure^^etUe. 237
secure, aman, salamat; ^ng, V^-ii^^y mazbut, (against
surprise or attack) bey-^abu ; v.t. satal, jzghoraly ka-im
ka., mazbut ka.
security, n. ^undi-tob, jz^^orana'h, (bail) zamanat, sala-
mat, (bond, bondsman) zamin.
sedition, n. balwa, fasad, pasat.
see, v.t. katal, goml, Hdal ; v.i. (understand) pohedal, ras-
edal.
seed, n. tu^m, dana'h, (of fruit) za^raey, zamaej, (sperm)
mani, (progeny) aulad, zu-zat, za-o-zad.
seeing, n.^atah, katana'h, lidah, lidana'h, nazar; a. bina.
seem, y.i. tsargandedal, ^h'karah ke., ma'lumedal.
seize, v.t. niwal, a^istal.
select, y.t. arnawul, ^wa^hawul, ghwarah ka., pasand ka.
selfish, a. Upul gharaz, ^pul matlab.
sell, v.t. prowul, prolal, ploral, pah bai'a'h war-kawul,
bai'a'h ka.
send, v.t. astawul, lejzdal, (for) balal, ra-balal, gho^tal.
senior, a. lo-e, mashar.
sense, n. poba'li, f abm, pahm, hoi^li, 'akl, (meaning) ma'ni ;
(to have) v.t. hosh lajral, 'a^ laxal ; (have sense of) v.i.
pohedal.
sensible, a. pohand, ho^h-yar, bedar, ^labar-dar.
sentence, n. hukm, fatwa.
sentinel, n. pasban, tsoka'i-dar, pahra'h-dar.
separate, a. bey^al ; v.i. beyaledal, Twuihtal, Twaredal ; v.t.
beyalawul, ]uda ka, Twayawul.
separation, n. beyaltun, juda-L
servant, n. naukar, chakar, U^dmat-gar.
serve, v.t. naukari ka., ^idmat ka., chakari ka.
service, n. naukari, ^idmat, chakari.
serviceable, a. pah kar, f a'ida'h-man, sud-man.
set, v.t. (place) jz'dal, ke-jz'dal, ke-^hwal, ke-*i§hodal, ke-
^howul, ye^hal, ye^hodal; jo^awul, lagawul, k'iShe-nawul,
k*^he-yastal ; v.i. (go down) kuzedal, pre-watal, (set out)
t'lal, layal, dxiiinal, driimedal, rawanedal.
settle (down), v.i. astedal, basiya ke., k'^he-nastal ; v.t.
astawul, astogna'h ka., abadawul, basiya ka., dza'e niwal,
Digitized by Google
238 settlement — shoot,
mishta'h ka., k'lilie-nawul, miikarrar ka., (an account)
ada ka., (a quarrel, di£Eerence, etc.) pal^nla ka.
gwa^hal, (arrange, set in order) atsarnal, tartib ka., jor-
awul, (finish) tamamawul, ^alaffawul, (a suit) fai^ala'h
ka.
settlement, n. (of revenue) bandobast, (colony) no-abadi,
(of a dispute) gwasb, (of a suit) fai^ala'li.
sever, v.t. 1 Varawul, pre-kawul, bejalawul.
severe, a. tund, tez, saklit, zi^ht, Mak.
sew, v.t. gandal, sko-e ka., (sew up) age-jil.
shade, n. sew-raey, seo-raey ; v.t. sew-raej or seo-raey ka.
shadow, n. 'aks, cbab. See shade.
shake, v.i. ^wadzedal, rapedal, ^horedal ; v.t. kbwadgawul,
rapawul, ^horawul, (down) drabawul.
shallow, a. tawshal, pa-yab (lit fordable, within one's
depth).
shame, n. sharm, liaya, sharmindagi, ghairat.
shameful, a. bad, der bad.
share, n. baW^ra'h, wesh, wand, wan^a'h, hi^^a'h.
shourp, a. tera'h, tez, (clever) pohand, (acid) triw.
sharpen, v.t. tera'h ka., tez ka.
shatter, see break,
shave, v.t. ^'riyal, tojzal.
shear, v.t. skustal, skwal ka.
sheejp, n. (male), majz, gsed, (ewe) mejz, gse^a'h, (lamb)
gsedoraey, \ w'raey, (ewe lamb) gaedora'i, w'ra'i, (long-
tailed sheep) heyaey, (ewe) hera'i, (wether) wuch-ki3,
wuch-kulaey, (cot) shpol, ban^a'h.
shelter, n. panah, s'yab, chah, satana'h.
shepherd, n. shpun, (boy) shpankaey.
shine, v.i. dzaledal, breihedal, rumedal.
ship, n. jahaz.
shirt, n. ^ata'h, pairahan, kamif.
shiver, v.i. rapedal, larzedal; v.t. (shatter) matawul, (in
pieces) dar dar ka.
shoe, n. parna*h, juta'h, (horse) na'l.
shoot, v.t. wishtal, topak, etc., ^ala^awul, (as plants) ; v.i.
tukedal, zarghunedal.
Digitized by Google
shop—shin. 239
shop, n. dukan, (keeper) dukan-dar.
shore, n. ghara'h. tsan^a'h.
short, a. (in length), land, (in size or quantity) lajz.
shorten, v.i. landedal ; v.t. lan^awul.
shot, n. (small) chara'li, (bullet) mardaka^j, (cannon) gola'i,
(a discliar ge) guzar.
shoulder, n. aojza'h, (blade) walaey.
shout, see cry out.
show, n. nandara'h, tamasba'li ; v.t. tsargandawul, bartser
ka., ^howul, i^li'karali ka., pohowul, fahmawul.
shower, n. (spring) da psarli baran, (summer) wasa'h, da
wori baran, (slight) rangaey baran, (heavy) gam or
shebah baran.
shrub, n. biitaey, (thorny) karkama'h.
shut, v.t. bandawul, pei^hawul, (as a door) pori or pala'h pori
ka., (a book) tapawul, (the eyes) putawul.
sick, a. randzur, na-jor, na-ro^, bimar, (sick of, disgusted)
wezar, staraey, stoman, (at stomach) mi^h mi^h.
sickness, n. randz, na-jo^-ti'a, bimari.
side, n. tselma'h, ^wa, ^SidsJh, loraey, lor, palan, taraf , (of
the body) arUi, t§ang.
sight, n. katah, katana'h, lidah, Hdana'h, nazar, (show)
nandara'h.
sign, n. ishara'h, isharat, na^ha'h, na^^ha'h, 'alamat.
sin, n. gunah, takisir, kfaata^ wabil.
sinner, n. gunah- gar, tak^iri.
single, a. tsarah, yawadzaey, witar (of one fold, not
double) yawa-stawaey, (unmarried) lawand.
sink, v.i. dubedal, gharkedal ; v.t. ^iibawul, g^arkawul.
sister, n. ^or, (husband's) n'dror, (wife's) ^hena'h, (foster)
da ti khor.
sit, v.i. k'^he-nastal, nastal.
sitting, n. nasta'h, k'she-nasta'h, (a seat, a place for sitting
on) da nastey dza'e.
size, n. star- walaey, andaza'h, kadr.
shin, n. tsarman, pot, (bark), ^war, (for water) mashk,
mashkoraey, (small) jaey ; v.t. tsarman tskawul or
kajzal or k'shal, spinawul.
^ Digitized by Google
240 skirmish — soiL
skirmish, n. tas-tos ; v.t. ta>s-tas ka.
skuU, n. kakara'i.
sky, n. asman, ^cloudless) sliin asman, (cloudj) gam or
gur asmaii.
slander, n. palama%, peghor, tor, tuhmat.
#Zap, n. Bila'i, 4ab, tsapera'h, ta^ ; v.t. tsapera'h wahal, tak
wahal, sila'i wahal.
slave, n. m'rayaey, g^ulam, (girl) windza'h, barda'h, (who
has borne a child to her master) sur-jata'h.
slavery, n. m*rayaey-tob, ghulanu.
slaA/, v.t. wajzal, wajzlal, wajlal, katlawul, (for food) halal-
awul.
sleep, n. Uub ; v.t. ^ub ka., iidah ka. ; (Ml asleep) v.i.
^ub zangedal ; v.t. pama w'^1, (grow sleepj) ^ub
ra-^lal ; (put to sleep) v.t. ^ub w*x^, (put to bed)
^amlawul.
sleepy, a. ^ub- wayaey , pama wayey stargey, draney stargey .
slender, a. naraey.
elide or slip, v.i. ^hwahedal, shwayedal; n. (a slip) &wah-
edana'h, laghzy (slippery ground) ; shwahanda'h z'mak-
a'h.
slippery, a. i^hwaey, ^hwayand, ^hwayandar.
smaU, a. woy, lajz, kuchinaey, kachutaey, kachut-walaey,
mandaraey.
smallnesB, n. la^-walaey, wuy-walaey.
smell, n. bu, bu-e ; v.i. (emit) bu-e t'lal ; v.t. (sniff) bu-e
-yawul.
smoke, n. lu, lu-gaey, ^a^uza'h.
smooths, a. sam, hawar ; v.t. samawiil, hawarawul, ateamal.
sneeze, n. pranj, pranjaey, prach; v.i. pranjedal, prachedal,
(cause to sneeze) pranj awul, prachawul.
snore, n. ^ser, l^sBrkaey ; v.t. ^ser wahal, ^aerkaey ka.
snow, n. wawra'h ; v.i. wawrey aoredal or pre-watal.
soak, see steep,
sob, n. aswelaey, salga'i ; v.t. saiga'! ka., ar^a^h k'ihal w
ka., (with violence) alhang ka., aswelaey ka.
soft, a. post, pos, ttuyin, narm.
soil, v.t. Uiiran ka., paJitawul^ kakayawuL
Digitized by Google
MqfournfMee dweHL
Moldier, n. sipah-i, (vul,) spaH, (feudal retainer) m'ls ta^r.
goldiershijp, n. sipah-gati.
soldiery, n. fauj, la^&ar.
lH>n, n. ^o-e, zo-e, (in-law) zom, zumgaej, (grand) n'was-
aej, n'masaey, (only) kasbaej.
m>ofhet Y.t. tasaili ka. or war-kawuL
9ore^ji. (ajsoawound) tap^z&Uini; a. gazak.
Morrow, n. arman^ djawr, ran^z, giha^ nul; T.t. gham
Uiwairaly arman ka. ; v.i ran^zedal, nuledal, ^sB^irr^iai.
•wrry, a. pa^eman, toba'h-gar.
sort, n. snan, rang, \iam ; v.t. atsa^al.
souly n. ru^. See spirit,
Mound, n. zwajz, s&ajz, bang, awaz ; a. (well) jo^i rogbt
(safe) salamat, amani, sabit, (right) jnUit.
tour, a. triw, (morose) but, sut buf.
towrce, n. nun^y weU^, 'afl, sar.
MOW, y.t. karal.
Bpcure, a. (seantj) lajz, rangaey, (surplus) ziyat, faltu, (un-
occupied) wazgar, U^ali ; v.t. (save) baU^shaJi pulawnl.
Mparh, n. ba^bsarl^j, batsaraej, ghurutekaey.
MparJde, v.i bre^hedal, dzaledal, rumedaL
speak, y.t. wajal.
Mpea/r, n. neza'h, (small) shal, sbalgaej.
Mpecial, a. Uiaf 9.
Mpedea, n. jins, zat, kism.
Mpeetacle, n. nandarah, tamaiSha'b.
speech, n. jzaba'h, wajana'h, wajaej, w'rasha'b, kba*bara*li.
speechlese, a. gang.
spend, y.t. ^arts ka., ^arf ka.
^U, y.i. to-yedal, to-edal ; y.t. to-yawul.
spin, y.i. cburledal, tsar^edal, gsarzedal ; y.t. churlawul,
. ts^^^wul, gserzawid.
spindle, n. tearj^aey, tsar^algaey.
spirit, n. (resolution) z'^ah, dil, (courage) himmat, ma^T-
ana'h, gbairaty nang, (essence) ]^o-e, mizaj, 'araJj^, jau-
bar, (immateriality) rub, naf s, dzan, sab.
spirited, a. z'rah-wari ma^anaey, bimmat-nak.
Digitized by Vj0041v "
242 tpii^staiemmU.
ipit (spike), n. si^, si^cha'h; y.t. pew-dal, pe-yal; T.i,
(expectorate) tukal, tu ka., tuk ka., lamej tokaL
spite, n. ^wa-badi, droh, ghacK Idna'h.
apittte, n. lara'h, laraey, tuk.
$pUt, n. chawd, chawda'h, trak, (sound, as wood splitting)
k^as ; y.i. chawdal, shledal ; v.t. chawal, slilawal.
spoil, n. tala'h, tala, lut, sMka'h, gharat ; v.t. (plunder)
natal, lutal, lufawul, sMkawal, ^arat ka., (destroy)
wranawul, rangawul, kharabawul.
spout, n. tsu^hka'h, teu^hkaej, tsu^ha'i, (gush) dara'h,
shuturaka'h, cha^rak (aUo, sound of water spouting);
T.i. pall darej watal or bahedal ; v.t. sbuturaka'h wahal|
dara'b wahal, chairakahar wahal.
spread, v.i. khwaredal, pbeledal, wi^redal, ^paredal ; T.t.
Uwarawul, pbelawul, wirawul, Uiparawul, tarawul.
spring, n. (leap) top, trap, trapa'h, lindak, dang, ghur«
zang, (source) china'h, (instrument, lit. a bow) kaman-
cba'h ; v.t. top wahal, trapM, tlndak or ^urzang wahal,
dangal ; v.i. (issue) ^atal, watal, bahedal, (germinate)
tukedal, zarghunedal.
sprinkle, v.t. (as water) pashal, (with flour or the like)
4urawul.
sprotU, n. buzghalaeyy tegh. Uialaey; Y.i. tnkedal, g^tmdz-
edal, zarghunedal.
, spy, n. jasus, zaraej. See scout, v.t. jasuol ka., zaranal
stab, n. tsar]^, zal ; v.t. t^sal, zanal, tsekbal, sug^awuli
lakawul.
stage, n. manzii.
stand, y.i. patgedal, wudredal, wala^redal, (fast) tarn ke.,
(erect) ne^edal, lakedal, (at bay) jah ke.
standing, a. wala^r, lak, ne^, pa'edar.
start, y.i (fear) tarhedal, bugnedal, (set out) rawanedal|
laral.
state, n. (condition) hal, Ibalat, (realm) daulat, mamlakat,
saltanat, (ostentation) shaukat.
statement, n. bayan, wayana'h, wayaeyi (aocoont) t^isab;
y.t. (to state) bayanawul, lal, lawdai^ wayaL
Digitized by Google
ttation — strange.
ttoHon, n. (place) dza'e, manzil, (degree) darja'h, martab-*
a'h ; v.t. k'^he-nawul, walairawiil.
stay, Y.i. astedal, aosedal, patedal, pato-kedal ; (stop, pre-
vent) v.t. man'a'h ka., lutalawal.
$teal, v.t. ghla ka.
stealthy n. g^^alaej-tob, puf-walaej.
$teep,2k. zawar, Tway, uchat, (high) bask, (a steep), IVay-
a'h, kamar.
tteep (soak), v.t. U^xLshtawid, limdawul.
step, n. pal, ]{.adam, jim, gam.
sterile, see bwrren.
stem, a. zijz, triw, but, sut but.
sticlc, v.i. n*^hatal, n'shaledal ; v.t. (pierce), tetsal, tsej^al,
sufi^wul, (to stick in, plant) n'jatal, n'jzatal.
stiff, a. ting, Idak, lak, ne gh. zijz, (erect) Pwaf.
sWX, a. band, bej-haiakat, puta'h l^ula'h.
stir, v.t. laral, (mix) fakawul, gaijawul.
stomach, n. ge^a'h, kheta'h, aojzraej, (crop) jajura'h,
jajuraey.
stone, n. karnaey, (a monolith) tejza'h, (of fruit) had
za^aey ; v.t. paJi karno wishtal, sangsar ^.
stony, a. karnedz, ka^aej, (ground) tarafa'h, karnedza'h
z'maka'h, sang-la^.
stoop, v.i.' titid^ ; v-t. (bend or stoop the liead) sar tH-
awuL
stop, v.i tam ke., (continue) aosedal, patedal, pato ke.,
(halt) wudredal, walafedal ; v.t. (impede) a;uwul, kari-
jabawul ; v.i. n'ihatal, n'^haledal, (prevent) hitaledal ;
v.t. (delay) dzan^awul, (discontinue) tark ka., (rest)
aram niwal.
store, n. ambar, ganj, (house) ambar kbana'h, U^ana'h ;
v.t. tolawul, jam'a'h ka.
stores, n. asbab, saman, to^ha'h, tsowraey, za^ira'h.
storm, n. sila'i, tuf an ; v.t. (assault) ^amla'h ka.
stout, a. tsorb, |^at, katseh, l^ris, ga^ai^, napar, mazbut,
straggle, v.i. U^waraey M^waraey t'kl or gSBrzedal.
straight, a. sam, sat, tsak.
strangSf a. beganah, pradaej.
Digitizedby VjOI g #
244 gtratagem — iwmman.
^ratagem, n. lamghaya'iy hila'h, f areb.
ttrawj n. ^ass, U^assarnaey, (chopped or broken) bus.
stray, a. worak, wuruk-shawaey, Uiushaej ; y.L wumk ke.
or worakedaJ, ^Lushaej gserzedal.
§tream, n. (gnsb of water) dara'h, sbutoraka'h, (liynlet)
laibtaej, wala'b ; v.t. dara'h i^ahal, shuturakah wahaL
Sftrengiky n. bram, zor, kuwat.
itrengthen, v.t. zor war-kawol, mazbut ka. klakawul, (as a
fortress) tingawul.
Btriet, a. sa^t, t^^g? klak, zorawar.
itrife, n. jang, steza'h, nnrtsi, jag^a'h.
itrtke, y.t. walial, ta^kawul.
^r^, y.i. barbandedal ; v.t. barban^awoL
strive^ T.t. ko^hii^h ka. mi^iiat ka.
stroke, gnsar, war, waraey, (at play) daw ; v.t. (make or
deliver) waraey ka., guzar ka.
ttubhom, a. takarnaej, jab, ^pul-sar, sar-ka^h, bo4.
tttmible, y.i. drabal, budri or skandari or kangas U^wapaL
stupid, a. palwaiK}, kaw-dan, na-poh.
sturdy, see stout,
subdue, y.t. landej ka., ^amawiil, maghlub ka.
subject (see subdue), (a subject), n. ra'ijat, zer-daat, tabi'-
dar, tkbin.
submit, y.t. ^ukm manal, farman w'^al, farman-bardaii
ka., ita'at ka.
subordinate, a. k'shatab, kashar.
subsistence, n. rozi, rizk, roz-gar, gasran.
success, n. baraey, gatah, gatana'h, wsepana'h, bi^t.
succour, see aid,
suck, y.t. (breast or teats) rawdal, (imbibe) obupal,
z'beihal, tskawul, ts'i^bal.
suckle, y.t. taey war-kawul.
suffer, y.t. petgal, z'^amal, (in conw,) Vral, ^wa^al,
F^al ; y.i. sahedal, sahal ; y.t. (allow) pre-jjg'dal, pre-
.Aiodal, ijazat or bukm or ru^^at war-kawul.
suitable, a. pirzo, perzo,'7arzan, muna^ib, wajib, ^hah.
summit, n. peza'h, tsuka'h, selma'h, sar.
8u$»mon, y.t. balal, ra-balal, talab ka.
Digitized by Google
Mm-^all. 245
ftHiyn. n'mar, n'war, (rise) n'mar ^atah or UxatanA%
(set) n'mar prewatah or pre-watana'h.
nupmor^ a. (greater) lo-e, (^lat, star, (age or rank) mashar»
(preferred) ghwarah,. (upper) bar, pasanaey, portanaej.
m^licaiionj n. minnat, du'a.
iu^pport^ n. palana'h, n'mandzana'h, parwarish, (preserye)
satalj jzghoraL (assist) marasta'h &>., pushti ka.
iupparter^ n. palui^aej, jaghoraey^ satandoaej, satonkaej.
9wppo8e, y.i. pohedal ; v.t. garnal, angeral.
Bwrpriaej Y.i na-tsapah pre-watal.
swrraund, y.t. chaperali niwal, isarawul, hisarawul (eorrup.
of ^ar), (by men — post men around) chaper dzan ^zan
kawul.
iwrvivef y.L jzwandaej ke., jzwandaey pato ke., pa'edal ;
y.t. zist ka. ^
iuapeetf y.t. sliakh ka. or ra-w'^al, guman ka.
fffg^enonce, n. Uiwarak, ts'^bah ^wa^ah, rozi.
iwallow, y.t. n'ghaydal. terawul.
BweoTf y.t. ^asam U^wa^ral, saugand Uwa^al, (to administer
an oath) kasam, etc., war-kawul.
$uf$aif n. ^wala'h ; y.i. l^wala'h or khwalej ka.
9weepf y.t. jarii ka.
ivfeet, a. ^oj^; (become) y.i U^oj^edal; (make) y.t»
^waj^awul.
9wifif a. ga^rs^daey, jalt, tez.
iwMf y.L parsedal, pun^edaL
itoimf y.t. lanbo wa£al.
Bwordy XL tura'h, te^.
•tiHmiaman, n. turzan, tur-jalaej.
tail, ju lam, lakal.
take^ y.t. a^^stal, niwal, (carrj) Vral, yosal, (lead) botlal,
blwaly (out) kajzal, k'ihal, (off) basal, jast^d.
tqikt n. wajana'h, wajaej, w'rasha'h, kb&bara'h; y.t^
wajal» khabare J ka.
Digitized by Google
246 iaOr^-ihiek.
tally a. (in stature), dang, Twaf, (high) hask, uchat^ ujzd.
tar, n. |raiidza]*ahy chufeL
target, n. naiSha'h, mu^a'h, kuhara'h, (shield) spar.
taste, n. (flavour) ^wand, maza'h, tsaMndan, tsaka'h ; v.t.
Uiwand a^istal or ka., tsakal, (give savour) ^wand or
maza'h wahal or land, tsakiudan wahal.
tax, n. baj, ^iraj, saw, mah^iil.
teach, v.t. Twalawul, sahaJ^ war-kawul, ^howal, amo^tah
ka., t'alim ka.
teacher, n. ustad, mu'alliin, al^imd.
fear, v.i. tsiredal, shledal, w*raredal ; v.t. tsiral, Vrarawul,
shlawul, (out) basal, kajzal, yastal.
tear, n. ao^ha'h, (tears) ao^hey, (tearful ejes) ao^haney
stargey; v., v.i. (shed tears), aoihey toeyedal.
teat, n. taey.
tell, v.t. wayal, bayanawul, ^howul, ^abar ka.
temper, n. U^o-e, lo^haey, U^lat, tab', tab*iyat, (of metals)
dam, ab. \
tempest, see storm,
tend, v.t. timar ka., ^idmiat ka., (sheep) shpani ka.
tent, n. dera'h, ^aima'h, (hair tent of the pastoral tribes)
kijzda'i, (rope) mazaey, mandara'h, maranda'h.
terrible, a. haul-nak, Uiof-nak, haibat-nak.
terrify, v.t. tarhawul, darawul, dhalawul, werawul, haibat
wahal or ka.
terrified, a. haibat-wahalaey, tarhawulaey, werawulaey, tar-
hur.
terror, n. tor, wera'h, tara'h, tarhara'h, haibat, ^of.
test, v.t. azmayil, azmoyal, azmudah ka., azmai^ht ka.
testify, v.t. gawahi lal or lawdal, or gawahi ada ka., shahidi
lal or lawdal.
f^iank, n. shukrana'h or shukr pah dza'e ra-w'fcJ, shukr
guzaral, shukr ka.
thatch, n. tsapar, chat.
{haw, n. wi-li-w&laey ; v.L wi-li ke ; v.t. wi-li ka.
theft, n. ghla.
thick, a. ghat, (bull^)*per, Pwa^, (inspissated) ting, (denae^
as trees, hair, etc.) tat, tal, gaj^, (as the voice) ^.
Digitized by Google
{hief'-4ime. 247
thieff n. ghal^ (expert) chakah ghsl*
thigh, n. Vriin, patun, (including leg and foot) ^anga'h.
thin, a. (lean) trandz, ^BJigax, U^war, (scanty) rangaej,
(delicate) naraey, barik, mahin.
things n. tsiz, kalaey, shai.
think, Y.i. pohedal; v.t. angeral, gamal, ande^hna'h,
goman, Ubijal or fikr ka.
thirst, n. tanda'h, taj^aej-walaej ; v.i. (become thirsty)
tajzaej ke.
thirsty, a. t^jzaey.
thorn, n. agnzaey, (bash) karkama'h, (thorns, brambles)
ghaney, (thorny tree) a^^zana'h wana'h.
thought, n. andei^hna'h, guman, poha'h, ^iyal, fikr.
thrash, y.t. wahal, fakawul, kutal, (com) ghobal ka.
thread, n. spamsa'i, mazaey ; y.t. pew-dal, pe-yal.
threaten, y.t. 4arawul, tarhawul.
throat, n. mara'i, mar-kanda'i, (j^raey, ^arandaey,
(fauces) ghaya'hf (larynx) stunaey, (tonsil) da jzabey
lair or ha4'
throw, y.t. wishtal, achawul, lawastal, (away) ghurzawnlf
to-yowul, (down) pre-wastal, pre-yastal.
thrust, y.t. (into) man4al, k'^he-yastal, (k'^he-basal, tse-
^al, nanayastal, (push aside) t^yl wahal.
thumb, n. ghafa'h guta*h.
thump, y.t. suk wahal, 4^bawul.
thunder, n. talanda'h, tamah, (bolt) tandar, t^ikah; y.L
ghuyumbedal.
tidings, n. ^abar, (good) sar, zeraey, (a bearer of) zerah-
garaey.
He, n. tariin, tama'i ; y.t. taipal, lagawul.
tight, a. ting, ting, ra-k'^halaey, tang, (yery tight) tap ting,
(fitting) diust.
tighten, y.t. ting taral or ka., ra-k'^hal, klakawul.
tUl, y.t. karal. See plough*
tiUage, karana'h, kar, zamin-daii.
time, n. wakt, awan, daur, zamana'h, (age) 'umr, kal;
(season) mausim, mdda'h, naubat, (turn, spell) tang,
war, pla, dzal, guzar, her, (leisure) fur|at» waz-gar-tob*
Digitized by Google
MB Ur&^inmtpoH.
Ure^ T.L staraej ke. ;*y.t. ataraej ka.
Undf a. 8ta^aej» stornin.
io«^ n. da p^liej gafali.
Ml, T.t. mihnat ka., ko^hUH ka., jahd ka., chopaf wahaL
iofiy n. manful, chungal.
iomjpte, n. jsaba'h, (long-tongaed) jzaba'h-war, (on ihe
tip of) da jzabej pah sar.
tool, n. kalaej, alat.
loo^ n. gha^ (loss) kanjaB, kapsliap, (ache) iJiaAi-
Uiujzaej.
top, n. peza'hy toelma'b, t§iika% sar.
iairek, n. (of pine wood slip) shuntal.
tormeni, see torture,
torrent, n. niz, ni-uZy sail-ab.
ioriure, n. 'azab ; y.t. azab ka.
to$$, T.L glmrzedal ; y.t. ghnrzawnly achawal, lawastal.
total, n. toly wa^ah, ^ol-fal, drast.
touch, yd. b'losedal; y.t. b'lodal, las acbawtd, las war-
w'raly lams ka., (the feelings) lamsawul.
Umgh, a. klak, pa^i^, sakbt.
tower, n. borj.
town, n. ^hahr, kafba'h.
track or trance, n. man^, darak, belga'h, rak^h, naiha'h,
(way) lar ; y.t. mundal, belga'h basal, lafawul.
tract (of country), n. hewad, z*maka'h, mnlk, (leyel) sama*lu
trade, n. tijarat, saudagari, sauda, pesha'h, lausb, kar, war*
k'rah ra-k'^.
tradesman, kasb-gar, peshah-gar.
trader,, n. tajir, saudagar, paranchah.
train, y.t. amoU^tah ka., taijarawol, rajzdawnl, (following)
swarli, jalab, ^ashmat.
trample, y.t. pa'emal ka., lata^rawol, ghobal ka., ghoej-
man4 or ghwaey-man4 ka.
tranquilize, yX fafob ka., sarawnl, aramawul, aram war-
kawul, pakb^a ka., ^a^rarawal.
transfer, y.t. paslawul, sparal, tasHm ka.
transport, y.t. (animate things), boUal, biwal, (inaoimate)
. Vyal, yosal, (banish) jala-watan ka.
Digitized by Google
traml-^iwm. 249
travelf T.t. safar ka. ; y.i (to set oat on) pah 8a£ar t'lal.
iraveUer^ n. musafir.
treachery y n. ^^yanat.
treadf T.t. piSbey jz'dal, (under foot) pa*e-mal ka., latairal,
(out com) i^obal ; y.i. (as birds) ^atal.
treason^ see rebellion,
treiXby^VL. tafa'b, ta^ana'b, taron. 'ahd, ^ulba'b, (enter into)
'ahd ka., tapin ka., ^ul^a'b ka., (articles of) 'abd nam-
a'h, 9ull;ta'b nama'b.
iree^ n. wana'b.
trembUy y.L rejzedal, larzedal, pairkedal, ir&pedal.
trials n. (test) azma'ii^bt, imtil^an, (of a case) tajwiz.
frxbe^ n. kanm, nlus, firka'b, (section of a) ^eL
tricky n. ghnlat^ na^ra'b, fareb, (babit) ^o-e.
triwmphy n. wi-a|rana'b, baraey ; T.t. baraej mundal, m-
iroopy see crowd.
troty n. 4acbko, ^^cbka'b, ^^gland ; y.i. pab 4acbko or pah
England t'lal.
troMe^ n. randz, dzawr, talwasa'b azar, rabar, mibnat, dil-
azari ; y.t. randzawul, dzawrawol, rabrawal, azar rasa-
wul.
tro^^ghy n. nawa'b, (small) nawa'b-ga'i, pul, tamao.
trudge^ y.i. taparedal.
true, a. riiSbtinaej, ri^tonaej, riibli'a, rast, (genuine)
karab.
trust, n. sab-wisa'b, bawar, ^al, i'tibar, (credit) nana'b,
(hope) umed, tawakkul, (charge) ^aw&la'b.
truaty, a. i'tibari, mu'tabar, wafa-dar.
truth, n. ri^bti'a, rasii.
tryy y.t. azmojat azmajil, azmaiiht ka., was ka., koAii^h
ka., (a suit) 'adalat ka., tajwiz ka.
tumvU, n. balwa, jzwajg, zwajz, trap, shar, ghulghula'h.
turban, n. dastar, (small) pafkaey, (a doth tied oyer the
turban and under the chm) man^us.
tumf n. (reyolution) tsar^ daur, (time, occasion) pla, war,
i^A, hey, gusar, (twist) pech, marwat, wal, (also, bend)
tao, (bend) kajg-lech, kal-k^ch; y.L awuiihtal, tsar^^-
Digitized by Google
250 twkir— unfold.
edal, churledal, gserzedaly ghayedaJ^ stunedal^ (back)
jar-watal, (become, grow, etc.) sh'wal, kedal; T.t.
^arU^awul, cburlawiH, gSBrzawul, ghayawul^ (back)
stunawnl, jar-jastal, (out) sbaral, (from) prejzdal, tark
ka., (over) apiwul.
twist (bend),n. pecb, tao, wal, marwat; y.i tawedal, kfing-
edal; v.t. pecb U^wa^al, tifawul, wal ka., wal^waral,
kpng^wul, wal ka., (spin) ^^tia^btal, n^afawul, gharal,
ta'6-awul.
tyrannt/f n. zxilm, jafa, jawr, zor, jabr.
tyrannize, y.t. zulm, js^a, etc., ka.
tyrant, n. zalim, jafa-kar.
u.
y, a. triw-ma^aey, bad-sbakl, bad-^urat.
unMey a. na-tawan.
unanimity, n. jo^ri^ht, rogba'h. jek-dill, jek-jibati, ittafi^.
unbecoming, a. na-la-i^, na-miiiia9ib, na-kardaej.
unbeliever, n. bej-din, kafir.
uncertain, a. na-jakin.
uncle, n. (paternal) trah, (maternal) nu-e.
unclean, a. ^iran, palid, na-pak, na-wulaej.
unconcerned, a. bey-parwa, bej-|^am.
uncultivated, a. shair, wija^r.
undergo, y.t. z*ghamal. sahedal, VfcJ.
understand, y.i. pobedal.
understanding, n. poba'h, fabm, 'a^l.
undfi, v.t. pra-natal, spairdal, ^warawul.
undress, jamey or zapikaej basal or jastaL
unemployed, a. a-tal, bey-kar, waz-gar.
uneven, a. Twar, jzawar, tubki tubld, kandej kawdarej,
na-bawar.
unfit, a. na-Vftbil, na-la'iV> na-mun&^ib.
unfold, y.i. Uiwaredal, ghwa^redal, t^kedal, (manifest)
tsar^andedal; y.t. pra-natal, spafdal, (manifest) tfi&r-
gandawul, ^'karabka.
Digitized by Google
wrfariunaU — wUer, 251
unforUmaUy a. tor-baU^t, asi, afat wahalaey, na-t§ar, shaixiy
bad-na^ib, na-mubarak, bey-nafib,
unfruitfulf a. 8baii4.
ungrateful^ a. na-shukr, na-^akk-sbinas.
unkajppy, a. zahir, |^am-janf^inalul.
unifihahited, a. ghair-abadf waJran.
uniofif n. (accord) itta£a]^> jofii^ht, rogha'hf paiwastim,
tapm, ta^ana'h.
unite, T.t. paiwastab ka., tairal, lagawnL
universe, n. naira'i, jaban, dunja.
unjust, a. bey-in^af, na-^ak^, bey-dad, jafa-kar.
utdawful, a. baram, na-rawa.
unload, y.t. tasbawul, bar kuzawal.
unlucky, see unfortunaie.
unmarried, a. (man) na-wadab ka^raey, lawan^, (female)
na-wadaJi sbawey.
unripe, a. aom, umgbalan. nimah-Uiwa, nim-gapiej*
unroll, Y.i. ^waredal, ghwaredal, wipedal ; T.t. pra-natal,
Bpa^dal, k^warawid, etc.
unsafe, a. ^atr-nak.
untie, see urdoose.
upper, a. bar, pasanaej, portanaey.
upright, a. (bonest) iman-dar/ nibtunaey, riiblinaej,
(erect) Vlay, jig, lak, ne^^.
upset, Y.i. naskoredal, na^edal, pair-maUb or pa^r-makbaey
pre-watal ; y.t. naskorawul, napiwul, apiwul.
urge, v.t. tezal, zoral, (enjoin) takid ka., (stimulate) a^-
jil, lamsawul.
urgent, a. zarur.
use, n. f a'ida'b, kar, (possession) ta^arruf ; T.t. pab kar
ra-w'yal, ta^arruf ka.
useless, a. pucb, tasb, na-kara, bey-f a'lda'b.
usurp, T.t. pab jabr a^istal, pab zor dgan tab aU^staL
utter, a. basbpa^r, nibayat ; T.t. (speak) wayal, lal, lawdal,
(set agoing) jari ka., cbalawol.
d by Google
252 vacant — vMenee,
vacant^ a. tash, ^usHaej. See empty,
valiantf a. ma^ranaey, tur-yalaej, z*iraJi-war, bahadur. .
vaUey (between two mountains or ranges), dara'h.
vdlu€f n. ItLiniat, bai'a'h ; y.t. kimat or bai'a'h tapal.
vanquiehf y.t. landaey ka., pse^r ka., matawul.
vapour, n. lafa'h lugaey, lu, b'fas.
vary, y.i. gserzedal, badaledal; y.t. awu^tal, g»rsEawul,
badalawuL
vassal, n. bum-sajah, f^^. These terms are almost ez-
clusiyelj used by the tribes immediately north of
Peshawar.
vegetable, n. (in general) sabu^ (culinary yegetables) sag,
sabz).
vein, n. rag, nabz {cor, nas), (open a) rag wahal.
venerate, y.i. grohedal.
vengeance, n. badal, intil^am; y.t. badal aU^istal, inti^^am
a^istal.
verdant, a. shin, zarghun.
verdure, n. sbin-ga^hti, shin-walaey.
verge, n. tsan^a'h, ja'i, morga'h, ghaya'h.
veccd, n. (recipient) lo^haey, katwa'i.
vex, y.t. pa^rawul, tongreyil, tongawul, rabfawul.
victim, n. jar, dgar, V^^ban.
victory, n. baraey, w'^ana'h, zafar.
victuals, see food.
trieti;, n. mandara'h, katah, lidana'h, Udah, naa^r, (inten-
tion) mallab, niyat, (j^araz ; y.t. lidal, katal, goraX xu^cr
ka., (haye in yiew) matlab land, niyat laial, gbitfaf
laraly (deem) gaE&al.
vigilance, n. baidari, hoihyari^ U^bardari,
village, n. kalaey, dUi.
viUageT, n. da kaJi sa^aey, dihl^an.
violence, n. jabr, jafa, zor, zulm, zabardasti, (indemencj)
tondi sakbti.
Digitized by Google
frirtue^-ioaichful, 253
virtue, n. i^ie-gafu'li, din-dari, neld, nekokari, (quality)
^o-e, ^a^lat, jauhar, lo^haey, ^ifat.
visible, a. autsar, bartifer, ^rgand, ih'karah, zahir.
voice, n. zwajz, jzagh, jzwajz, bang, awaz, tarana'h.
voUey, n. shilak; v.t. (pour in a) shilak war-kawul.
vow, n. lora'h, wada'h, neta'h ; y.t. lora'h ka., wada'h
ka., neta'h tsufal, jso, (Bj thy head^ I vow !) sta paJi
ear jzo.
w.
wages, n. talab, ma-wajib, mi^naty muzd.
wagon, n. 'araba'h, gada'i.
wail, see lamentation.
waist, n. m'la, lan4a'li.
wait, y.t. aosedal, patedal, ^azir aosedal, (attend) Mlidmat
ka.
wake, Y.i. wi^edal, patciedal, baidar ke. ; y.t. mshawul,
patsawul, baidar ka.
wall, n. diwar, sadd.
wander, y.L ramedal, bey-lari ke.
want, n. ghoiSht. l^ajat, (poyertj) tangsi'a, tangsa'b,
^wari ; y.i. ^waredal; y.t. ghoi^taly hajat laral,
U^wari k'^hal.
war, n. jang, kar-zar, (religious) jihad, |j^za.
warlike, a. jangi, tur-yaUiey.
warm, a. tod, garm, (luke) tairam, (somewhat) todukaej ;
y.t. todawul, garm ka.
warmth, n. tod-walaej, todiiUia'h, garmi.
wa/m, see admonish,
wash, y.t. w'lal, windzal, (for prayers) awdas or wazii ka.,
(one's self) lambal ; y.i. lambedal ; y.t. lambawul.
waste, a. rang, sha^r* wijar, wairan, djar i n. sha|-a'h, mair-
a% (misuse) talaf ; y.t. talaf ka., na-hakk ^arts ka.
watch, n, paswan, tsoka'i-dar, pahrah-dar, kashak-chi,
(oyer cultiyation) kaihaej, (house) tsoka'i, tama'h.
watchful, a. hoshjar, baidar, ^abar-dar.
Digitized by Google
254 water — whUe.
water, n. aobah, (carrier) mashld, sakao ; y.t. (catUe) aob-
awul, lundawuX Uiarob ka., tsakawul.
watery, a. aoblan, lund, z'yam-nak, nam-nak.
wave,n. tsapa'h, mauj.
%oay, n. lar, (habit, etc.) togab, ^o-e, shan, dod, tanr,
tarikah.
waylay, y.t. lar niwal, puf-gana'! ka., pah patsuni k*Sbej
k'she-nastal.
wayward, a. witak, Uipul-sar, sar-ka^h.
weak, a. za-if, (Jangar, na-tuwan, kam-zor, kam-]f:uwat,
(unimportant) ^war, spuk, na-^iz.
wealth, n. daulat, dunya, mal, zar.
wealthy, a. daulat-man, mal-dar, dunya-dar.
weapon, n. drasta'h, wasla'h, j'ra^^, hatiyar.
wear (clothes), y.t. aghostal. aghustal, pah dzan acha-
wul; y.i. (last) pa'edal, (abrade) suledal, (wear out)
, zaredal.
weary, a. staraej, stoman, haukah.
wedge, n. shpetaey, pa-na'h.
weep, Y.t. izaral aolhej to-yedal; y.t. (cause to) ao^ey
to-yawul.
weigh, y.t. tolawul, tol ka., talal, jokal.
weight, n. drund-walaey, darah-nawaey, tol, jok, wazn,
andaza'h.
well, n. tsah, kuhaey, spargha'h, (with steps to go down)
baha'i, (with a Persian wheel, at Peshawar and in
vicinity) arhaf.
well, a. ^heeh, jor, rogh, (bom) sawii, sahu.
wet, a. ^usht, lund, nau-an, nawan, z'yam-nak, nam-nak ;
y.t. liindawul.
wetness, or wet, n. nam, nau, z'yam, lund-walaey, ^usht^
walaey.
wheat, n. ghanam.
wheel, n. tsar^; y.L churledal, tsarkhedal, gsarzedaL
whet, v.t. tera'h ka., tez ka., (stone) belaw, barju, p'san.
whisper, y.t. pas pasey ka.
white, a. spin ; y.i. (turn) spinedal ; y.t. (make white) spin-
awul.
Digitized by Google
whiteneaa — mfher. 2&5
whiteness, n. spin-walaej, spin-ti'a.
whissz, n. sajz, sagh ; v.t. sajz or sagh ka.
wicked, a. bad-kar, sharir, gunah-gar.
wickedness, n. bad-kari, gunah, badi.
wide, a. (broad) plan, psorawar, sarahwar, (open, gaping)
wit, wit, ching, (as a door) liri, (unconfined) arat.
width, n. plan-walaey, sor, psor, arat-walaey, *arz.
widen, v.t. planawul, (open wide) chingawul, wit ka., (as a
door) liri ka., (relax) aratawul.
widow, n. kun4a'h, kun^a'h.
widower, n. kun4 or kund.
wife, n. artina*b, artina'h, t&bar, ^laram, merman, kor,
(contemporary) been, (" feme covert ") mafoi^ha'h, (hus-
band's brother's) yor, (brother's) warandar, (son's)
n'jzor.
wild, a. da^hti, dzangali, wal^shi, ^al^ra-i ; n. da^ht, ^al^ra,
maii-a'h, dzangaJ.
wilderness (see wild), n. bayaban, bedia, daiiht, ^ahra.
wiU, n. ttwashi, ^atir, raza, mar^, (control)^wak, ^ukm,
i^tiyar, was.
willing, a. khwa^h, razi, hazir.
win, v.t. gatal, w'yal, peer ka., (gain over) grohedal.
wind, n. wo, bad, hawa, (hot) paro, tod bad, (cold) so^r
bad, sula'i, (breath) sah, dam.
wind, see twist.
winding, a. kojz-wojz, kajz-lech, wahlandaev.
window, n. darbacha'h, daricha'h, kafka'i.
wine, n. mai, sharab.
wimww, v.t. tsapawul, tsap wahal.
winter, n. jzamaey, sai^a'h.
wipe, v.t. mu^hal, saf ka.
wisdom, n. poha'h, 'akl, fahm, sha'ur, danish, dana'i.
wise, a. pohand, dana, 'akil, hoihyar, (way) toga'h, shan,
dod, rang.
wibh, n. ^osht, han^a'h, hatsa'h, arzu, irada'h; v.t.
ghoshtal. handa'h, etc., land.
wither, v.i. m'j-amedal, m'tawedal, kumamedal; v.t.
m'f amawul, etc.
Digitized by Google
"wWutwnd — yam.
wiihsixindy y.t. hifalawnl, apawul^ dafa' ka., barabari ka.
vritnesSf n. shahid, gawah.
wolft n. lewah, sharmaih.
woman, n. ^hadza'h, 'auratali, zan.
toonder, y.t. ta'jjiib ka.; T.i (lit. become astonished)
bairanedaL
tooodf n. largaey, (fire) balaro, (brake, copse) jay.
wooly n. wara*i, (lit, down) pashm, (made of wool) wafinah,
pashminah.
woolly f a. waran.
word, n. ^abara'h, wajana'h, wayaey, hifz, (intelligeiieift)
U^abar.
work, n. kar, char, kasb, shughl^ mihnat, Miidmat ; ▼.!•
kar, etc. ka., k'pal, (man) kari-gar, kar-kawunkaej.
world, see universe,
worm, n. cbinjaey.
worn, a. zor, (rubbed or frayed) suledaJaey, (^tigoed^
worn out) tap stairaey.
wound, n. parhar, za^m, zam, ^ujz, Uujz ; T.t. zaUpou
ka., sihwutsawul, jzobalowul, ^ujzawul.
wounded, a. parhar-jzalaey, Uiujz, ^ujz-tnand, gbwatg,
jzobal, zaldimi, (badly) zam-zamolaey.
wrap, v.t. n*^a^htal, n'l^aral.
wretched, a. l^war, tayah, tabah, bey-kas.
wretchedness, n. ^wari, tabah-i, tor-baU^ti.
wring, v.t. nichorawul.
wrist, n. marwand.
write, Y.t. kajjal, k'shal, Uatt k'^haJ, ta^nr ka.
writing, n. ^att, tahrir.
wrong, a. haram, na-hakk, na-rast, na-rawa, na-la-i]^ na-
muaa9ib ; n. bey-in^afi, zulm, jabr, jafa, ?arar, nn^^an,
(incorrect) ghalat^ k^ata ; y.t. zidm, etc. ka., farar ras-
avnil, etc.
wry, a. tsor, kojz, kfing.
T,
yard, n. gaz, (enclosure) hadera'h, n^olaey.
yarn, n. spa^saey.
Digitized by Google
year — zealous. 257
year, n. kal, (this) sajz or sajzDaey or sa^ kal, (next)
ra*t'lunaey kal, inakhaey kal, (last) pa^os or paro-sajz
kal.
yearn, v.t. pa^sedal, pirzawa'li ka.
yeasty n. Ubamira'h, tomna'h.
yiddj v.t. (produce, bring in) ra-w'yal, war-kawul, paida
ka., (consent) m'anal, n'^utal, n'^watal, (consign)
paslawul, sparal.
yoke, n. jug^.
young, a. 4zwan, halak.
youihy n. dzwani, zalmi-tol?, halak-walaey, (a youth) dzwan,
zalmaey, halak.
z.
zealj n. ghairat. tapak, gharmi, jan-fisham.
zealousy a. ^airat-mand, tez, sar-garm.
The words in this vocabulary have been taken
from my English-Puihto Dictionary now preparing for
the Press.
-17
d by Google
LONDON :
PKIHTBD BT W. H. ALLBN AND CO., 13 WATXBLOO FLAGS.
Digitized by Google
WORKS BY
MAJOR RAVERTY,
Becentlj pablished, which may be obtained of
ME88B8. W. H. ALLEN AND GO.
"We cannot but regard the contributions of Captain
Raverty to the study of Asiatic literature as eminently
useful and valuable. The author has now devoted many
years of ment^ toil to the task he has undertaken, having
commenced when a very young man in 1853 ; and the pre-
faces and introductions to the Dictionary and Grammar were
composed in a solitary military station in India. Never-
theless, Captain Eaverty has in these introductory treatises
presented much curious matter on the origin, language,
and literature of the Afghans, which may be read with
interest even by those who do not contemplate making a
study of the Pu^hto tongue."—" Daily News," April, 1864.
" M. le capitaine Eaverty, s'est surtout appliqu^, d'une
mani^re touts specials, k T^tude du puschtu ou langue
des Af gans, qui n'^tait gu^re connue avant lui que par les
travaux de M. B. Dorn, de Saint- P^tersbourg ; mais qui,
par ceux de M. le cap. Eaverty, est mise tout a fait en
lumi^re et pent etre ^tudi^e d^sormais aussi facilement quo
les langues orientales pour lesquelles abondent les res-
sources de r^rudition europ^enne. . . . Les ouvrages
de M. Eaverty sur la langue puschtu offrent un ensemble qui
permet d'apprendre la langue sans avoir recours k d'autres
livres que les siens." — " Journal Asiatique," 1862.
dbyGoogla
In One Vol., Imp. 8to., pp. xzzvi. and 1.166, strongly and hand-
somely bonnd. Price £3 3«.
A DICTIONARY
OF THX
PXTS'HTO, PUK'HTO, OE AFGHAN LANaUAGE,
WITH CONSIDEEABLE ADDITIONS.
** He has shown an unwearied patience in collecting and
expounding the whole word-treasure of the language.
There are very few words that are in use in writing and
good conversation which have escaped the industrious
collector. Besides the pure Afghan vocabulary, he has
also inserted the Arabic and Persian idioms, &c., which
are so prevalent in this language." — Dr. Sprenger, 1862.
"This is hardly the place for reviewing a Pooshtoo
Dictionary, further than to mention that it is beautifully
printed, full without being too explanatory, and has re-
ceived the approval of competent scholars. . . . He
has a claim to be justly congratulated, in the phrase of
Dr. Dorn, on having * executed a monumental work * ; or,
to use his own modest words, on having * rescued from
oblivion, and thrown considerable light upon, an ancient
and unique language, which has not hitherto received the
attention it deserves from Oriental scholars.' " — " Scots-
man," Feb. 1866.
" There had not been above two attempts at Afghan
vocabularies before Captain Eaverty's dictionary appeared
. . . From our ignorance of the Pu^hto tongue, we
are, of course, entirely disqualified from speaking of the
merits of Captain Eaverty's works, except that they
appear to be the results of great study, elaborate research,
patient toil, and untiring industry . . . Dr. Dorn, in
particular, speaks of his dictionary in terms of the highest
eulogy, describing it as a monumental work, which
scarcely needs addition, and with the aid of which one
may read and understand any Afghan writer." — "London
Review," June, 1864.
"A peculiar feature of the work, which we notice at the
Digitized by G00gl(?
first glance, is, that under every infinitive are given, the
third persons masculine singular of the present, past, and
future tenses, the imperative mood, the active and past
participles, and the verbal noun. This is to obviate the
greatest difficulty in the path of the student — the some-
what complex nature and the irregularity of the verbs in
many instances. The slight differences of pronunciation
of the Eastern and Western Afghan tribes are also given,
together with the plural form of each noun, and the class
or declension to which it belongs, as arranged in his
Grammar of the language. This_ would not have been
necessary in the Dictionary of a language already known
to the world ; but being, as it is in reality, a language
now, so to say, for the first time brought to light, it
greatly smoothes the path of the learner, and considerably
enhances its practical value." — "Naval and Military
Gazette," June, 1864.
n.
Uniform with the above, One Vol., pp. 416. Price £2 2«.
GULSHAN-I-ROH:
BEING SELECTIONS, PROSE AND POETICAL,
IN THE PUS'HTO, OR AFGHAN LANGUAGE.
" The * Gulshan-i-Roh,* or Text-book, is a very useful
complement to the above-mentioned works. The texts,
both poetical and prose, are well chosen, and are printed
correctly ; so that in any future examination of students
of PuiShto, they will prove to be of superior use. Who-
ever will, in future, have to teach the Afghan language,
will most certainly take the * Gulshan-i-Roh ' for his
guide-book, and it will be an excellent one." — ^Dr. Dom,
Feb. 1862.
"Captain Raverty's other works in the Pushto lan-
guage comprise a complete Grammar (which has gone
through a second edition), a large selection of prose and
poetry, called the * Gulshan-i-Eoh ' (which is the text- book
in the examinations in the Panjab), and his English trans-
lation of Afghan poetry (* The Poetry of the Afghans ')
Digitized by-Google
will enable the student to acquire a thorough knowledge
of the Afghan language without being obliged to have
recourse to any other books ; indeed, they are the sole
implements to pioneer the way." — " Naval and Military
Gazette," June, 1864.
"Le Gulschan-Eoh " le Jardin de Eoh," c'est-k-dire de
I'Afganistan ou plut6t de la partie montagneuse du pays
d'oii est tir^ le nom de Bohillas, ofEre un choix consider-
able de fragments des meilleurs ^crivains af gans en prose
et en vers." — " Journal Asiatique," 1862.
m.
In One Vol., pp. 265, nniform with the above. Price £1 la.
A GRAMMAR
OF THB
PXJS'HTO, OE AFGHAN LANGUAGE.
" A grammar of the Afghan language was, strange to
say, a complete desideratum until the year 1866, so that
no JEnglish officer before that time had any opportunity of
learning the rudiments of the tongue. Previous to the
breaking out of the Afghan war, more than twenty years
ago, the Emperor of Eussia had appointed a professor of
PuiShto (the language of Afghanistan) at St. Petersburg,
in which capital all young diplomatists were made to pass
examinations in the Eoh dialect. Notwithstanding this
example on the part of the Eassian Government, nothing
was done by our country in the way of assisting officers
and plenipotentiaries in India in acquiring the Afghan
language; and even when employed on missions of the
greatest importance, they had to depend entirely on the
honesty of interpreters for correct information." — "Lon-
don Eeview," June, 1864.
" It will hardly be believed that before the year 1857
there was no grammar to be had in England or in India
from which an English officer might acquire the rudiments
of the language of Afghanistan. Nor can it be too often
repeated that, even before the beginning of the Afghan
wars, the Eussian Government had appointed a Professor
Digitized by GoOg]^
of Pushto, the language of tlie Afghans, at St. Peters-
burg. There, in the northern capital of Eussia, an
Afghan grammar and reading-book was published bj
Professor Dom, at the expense of the Emperor's Q-ovem-
ment, before our Government even knew that the Afghans
had a language of their own. There, at St. Petersburg,
joung officers and diplomatists had to pass examinations
in the dialect of the warlike mountaineers of Eoh, while
our generals and ambassadors, employed on missions of
the highest importance, in the very heart of that country,
had to depend for information on the honesty of inter-
preters. Afghan chiefs were able to talk treason in
Pushto before the noses of our generals, while assuring
them of their fidelity in high-flown strains of Persian
eloquence . . . We claim for Captain Raverty public
support, and we are glad indeed to see that his long and
very valuable and laborious undertaking has already re-
ceived an amount of encouragement which argues well for
the future success of a work which is to all intents and
purposes national." — "Army and Navy Gazette," June,
1864.
" The Grammar of Lieutenant Eaverty, which is suffi-
ciently elaborate, and in which the rules are supported by
copious and well-chosen extracts from classical ,Pushto
authors, will be gladly hailed by every linguist." —
" Athenaeum," August, 1856.
" The first edition, which was printed at Calcutta in
1855, has now been followed by a second edition, which
has had the benefit of the author's careful corrections,
and will probably continue the standard Grammar of tliis
interesting and important language for many years to come.
. . . Of the practical importance of an Afghan Gram-
mar we need not waste any words." — " Saturday Eeview,"
Nov. 1860.
" M. Eaverty explique la formation de la langue
et entre dans des details curieux sur sa litt^rature. II
aborde enfin les regies de la grammaire d*aprfes la nomen-
clature arabe, et il appuie to u jours les regies qu'il donne
d'exemples bien choisis et empruntes aux meilleurs ^cri-
vains en prose et en vers." — " Journal Asiatique," 1862.
Digitized by GoOgla
" When on my last travels in Central Asia, I often con-
sulted, at Hirdt, at Sabzdwar, etc. etc., the Sidars and
Moolahs as to the correctness of the phrases and examples
cited by the Author, in order to prove the rules of his
GriEunmar; and I was especially desirous to take their
opinions on the way in which Captain Raverty explains
the arrangement and conjugations of the Pushto verbs, so
difficult and complicated as they are to unravel ; and I
am much pleased to repeat, that their opinions were very
favourable to the conscientious and intelligent work of
Captain Eaverty.'*— M. N. de KhanikofE, Feb. 1862.
IV.
New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo., pp. 380. Price 14».
SELECTIONS FROM THE POETRY OF
THE AFGHANS,
FBOM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTTJBY :
Trcmalated into English from the original Fus'htOy with Notices of ihs
different Authors, and remarks on
THE MYSTIC DOCTRINE AND POETRY OF THE SUFIS.
" The volume is of undeniable interest, and its execu-
tion must have been most laborious and difficult. Quaint
wisdom, reminding the reader of the * Proverbs ' (Solo-
mon's, not Tupper's), and fanciful imagery used to illus-
trate * the old, old story,' told in every language that has
ever been written or spoken, imagery which is sometimes
beautiful, and sometimes ludicrous, are the principal cha-
racteristics of the poems." — "Morning Post," April, 1862.
" Captain Raverty's new volume in truth opens a new
source of enjoyment to all lovers of real poetry, and at
the same time a rich field of inquiry for our philologists,
and students of the varieties of our race, with their intel-
lectual peculiarities." — " Daily News," March, 1862.
" We feel much indebted to Captain Eaverty, who (un-
like so many of his comrades, with; equal opportunities
Digitized by GoOgk
and unlimited command of time) has turned his leisure
to such excellent account, and introduced us to a totally
new field of literature, in which his own carefully-compiled
grammar and dictionary form the best, almost the sole,
implements to pioneer the way/' — "The Parthenon,*' 1862.
"Some among the poems remind the reader of the
Book of Ecclesiastes, in their melancholy clear insight
into the * vanity of vanities,' and the transitory nature of
this world, and all it contains. Others of the poems, even
in their literal translation, are singularly beautiful; in
their original melody and rhythm they must be captivat-
ing."—" The Athenaeum," August, 1862.
" From these scanty passages some notion may be
formed of the treasure of new poetical delights Captain
Raverty has collected in this volume. He deserves the
thanks of all classes of readers for opening up such a
fresh vein of literary enjoyment; and we trust that his
book may have as wide a circulation as its singular merits,
and marked originality, eminently deserve." — "The Home
News," June, 1862.
" The volume which is now before us (* The Poetry of
the Afghans ') is more likely to command general atten-
tion than his previous works : it has attractive matter to
the theologian as well as to the general reader. It is a
remarkable circumstance that the productions of the
Afghan poets are now for the first time rescued from
oblivion, and the other dangers which beset manuscript
literature, by being printed in an English translation." —
" Christian Reformer," October, 1863.
" As to the merit of their poetry, we cannot form an
adequate notion. But the 'Selection' which Captain
Raverty has translated enables us to understand that, in
many respects, it differs from the poetry of other Eastern
nations, and to conclude that the subject eminently de-
serves the attention of all those who believe that a nation's
truest history is written in its literature." — " Westminster
Review," July, 1862.
"The highly meritorious labours of Captain H. G.
Raverty, in a field so little cultivated as that of the Afghan
Digitized by G00gl(^
language and literature, liave met with due appreciation
in a former number of this journal. They hisive gained
him a European reputation amongst Oriental scholars,
and the present volume, * Selections from the Poetry of
the Afghans,' is a worthy successor to the learned and
elaborate works previously published." — " The Army and
Navy Gazette,'' 1862.
New and Cheaper Edition. Imp. 16mo. Prioe 5«.
THESAURUS
OF ENGLISH AND HINDUSTANI TECHNICAL TERMS,
Used in Building, Engineeringy and other useful Arts,
" We would draw particular attention also to his valu-
able little work, * English and Hindustani Technical
Terms, used in Building and other Useful Arts, and
Scientific Manual of Words and Phrases in the Higher
Branches of Knowledge.' This useful and long-required
manual has been found extremely useful to, and has been
highly commended by, officers of the Engineers and the
Public Works Department throughout the three Presi-
dencies of India, by the officials and working staff of the
different railways, by interpreters of regiments, and the
public generally. But it requires a special notice from us,
since by the recent orders issued from the India Office and
the Admiralty, naval officers, consequent upon the aboli-
tion of the Indian navy, have great encouragement held
out to them to study Hindustani, Persian, and Arabic ;
and Captain Eaverty's little book is the onlj one that we
know of which contains a long chapter on naval terms,
which being chiefly Arabic and Persian words, are used
alike in all three languages. It cannot fail, therefore, to
be of great use to all naval officers serving in the Indian
seas, as well as to their brothers of the army, since the
work contains a key to the pronunciation^ and all the
Digitized by VjOOQI®
words and phrases are given in Boman as well as the Arabic
and Persian ehanu^ter/' — "Naval and Military Gazette,"
1864.
The Secretary of the Civil and Military Examination
Committee, Bombay, reports on this work, " In reply the
undersigned is directed to report that the work is doubt-
less very useful."— Bombay Castle, 2nd August, 1869.
VL
Grown Svo., toned paper. Price 12«.
THE FABLES OF >ESOP AL-HAKI'M :
Translated into the Afghdn Language,
WITH ILLU8TBATION8 ON WOOD FBOM DESIGNS BT JOHN TENNIEL.
" His latest work, translated from James's ^sop into
Pushto of a simple but pure kind, ought to become a
useful reading-book for students in the earlier stages of
their progress."—" The Home News," April, 1872.
Preparing for Publication^
A DICTIONAEY:
ENGLISH AND PXJS'HTO.
" A dictionary, English and Pushto, is now in prepara-
tion by Major Eaverty, but it can only be brought out
by the aid of the Government, for the expense of printing
such books, consisting, in a great measure, of foreign
d by Google^
words requiring a special and peculiar type, is ^erj large.
Judging from previous experience, -Major Eavertj has
but little hope of Sir Charles Wood supporting his efforts,
though the Eussian Government, never forgetful of any-
thing which pay facilitate its designs on Central Asia, has
taken a great many copies of the works already published ;
for the young officers and diplomatists of St. Petersburg
have for many years been obliged to pass exai^inations in
Pu^hto. It would be extremely humiliating to this
country if the English-Pu^hto Dictionary were to be
brought out at the expense of that very Power which
we Imve most to dread in the far East, x et such might
be. tip to the present time the gallant officer has had to
thank the Eussian Government far more than that of his
own country for support and countenance." — " Daily
News," 2nd April, 1864.
Digitized by Google
Digitized by Google
Digitized by Google
Digitized by Google
d by Google
;aN -^ ii*'-"'^
r
i^.
w .
f •
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11